The Collapse of the Thai Baht free essay sample

A paper which breaks down the Asian Crisis the breakdown of the Thai money in 1997. The paper shows that over two years after its breakdown, the condition of the Thai Baht was all the while being examined as one of the essential financial universal occasions of 1997, one that took steps to bring the universes creating economies to the edge of bedlam. The paper explores the reason for this emergency and the outcomes which are still felt today. Notwithstanding, this air pocket, made by modern extension and an exaggerated money, couldn't last inconclusively. Thai household factors started to become possibly the most important factor. The nation started to be set apart by rising wages of low-talented workers and ensuing cost increments underway of exportable merchandise. This dissolved Thai seriousness in labor-concentrated products versus late-beginning mechanical states, for example, China and Vietnam. Thailands exchange shortage mounted. Additionally, recently rising modern states, for example, China and Vietnam were pulling in new and more prominent paces of outside venture, redirecting reserves that had once been put resources into Thailand for similar purposes. We will compose a custom article test on The Collapse of the Thai Baht or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Thai fares, which recorded a robust development of 24% in 1995, straightened to a practically unimportant rate a year prior to the bahts breakdown.

Lemon Max

Market Analysis Dishwash market of Pakistan is a bar driven market. Vim’s significant contender is Max while the remainder of the brands like Safoon, Anna Bar are little in size. Value Price is significant for this classification. So as to piece of the pie, contenders use cost as a one of a kind selling point (USP). Max is a value chief in dish wash advertise. Max and Vim are sticker price equality and both are value premium. Vim is low grammage and significant expense in spite of the fact that it's anything but a recognizable contrast. Value examination of Bars among Vim and Max as indicated by SKUs are as follows.Max Bar| Vim Bar| Small Bar Pack (110 grams) cost Rs. 12| Small Bar Pack (110 grams) cost Rs. 12| Number of SKUs| Bar (200 grams) cost Rs. 22| Long Bar Pack (330 grams) cost Rs 32| Long Bar Pack (300 grams) cost Rs. 33| Product Portfolio Max Protfolio incorporates Max Bar, Azadi Dish Bar, Max Sourers, Max Liquid and Max Antibacterial. Max Bar is focusing on urban zo ne while Azadi dish bar is focusing on provincial zone. Lemon Max Bar Introduction Lemon Max Bar is a quality washing bar. Lemon Max Bar is a with initiative among dish wash portion of FMCG in Pakistan.Lemon Max Bar is result of Colgate Palmolive which was propelled in 1982 with scourer implanted slogan â€Å"Hara Kaam Maun Khara Nimbo Ki Taqat Say Bhara†. Lemon Max Bar Consumers Primary customers of Max Bar are ladies and housewives and auxiliary are men buying family unit things. Brand is utilized for dish washing at home with the quintessence of lemon in it. Numerous time of offer and utilization at home shoppers have affirmed Max Bar is an excellent item with numerous advantages. Lemon Max Growth Period Max Bar with solid, lemon-like, oil purging activity and name that gave impression of outside brand.Brands go through ups and down then got balanced out and become showcase pioneer regarding deals and Brand name. In 1985,brand administrator discovered that buyer see that s courer harmed the dishes then they propelled max fluid to defeat this observation. Simultaneously Unilever Pakistan ,the mega corporate mammoth of FMCG’s , propelled its image under the name of â€Å"Rin† in dishwashing section of FMCG. The opposition become forceful as far as advancement, retails appropriation and occasion position. Be that as it may, as indicated by showcase specialists, shopper utilized brand for cleaning their quality dishes utensils.Due to substantial ad and mistaken marking choice Rin brand got situating issues , item shading disarray among the customers. Making the most of from that chance, party brand â€Å"Max Bar† makes forceful developments by substantial advancements. Before long Mac brand takes the game by kicking Rin Brand out of market structure dissemination to media advancement and become showcase pioneer. In 2001, Rin brand repositioned himself and change to â€Å"vim† and entered in to the market . Rivalry again got sav age between max bar and Vim because of overwhelming showcasing spending structure unilever increase to pull the maximum bar from market.In the finish of 2004, Rin disappear from the market and max become the pioneer in the market. After that numerous brands develop on the opposition field like Safoon and Aana bar ,raising rivalry with the Max bar with moderately low cost. For handling this Max Bar propelled 200 gm and sachet in that brand to increase an edge in the opposition. Yet at the same time Max Bar got 60 percent of the piece of the overall industry. In 2011, Unilever has relaunched Vim in dishwashing classification. Vim gives a savage rivalry to Lemon Max and begin picking up piece of the pie from lemon max and other little players in the market.Lemon Max Liquid dishwash is focused at urban upper white collar class home creators and here the clients are home house keepers instead of home producers. It will be hard to show house servants to utilize the fluid effectively. Indi viduals saw both the fluid brands same. In spite of the fact that, Vim is a concentrated gel while Max is a weaken fluid. Concentrated gels are utilized less as contrast with weaken arrangement. Gels are increasingly effective in dish wash. Max Liquid Bottle| Vim Liquid Bottle| 275 ml cost Rs. 65| 250 ml cost Rs. 115| 475 ml cost Rs. 95 rs| 500 ml cost Rs. 190| Distribution of Lemon MaxLemon Max circulation is solid. They are accessible and noticeable in pretty much every store. Patterns * Economic development during the early piece of the survey time frame supported new patterns in feasting, with these proceeding to spread toward the finish of the audit time frame. There was for instance solid development in the quantity of eateries in the nation and furthermore the augmenting utilization of dining experiences to praise weddings. The serving of dinners turned out to be increasingly detailed, with buyers utilizing a developing number of dishes. These patterns kept on supporting deve lopment in dishwashing toward the finish of the survey time frame. Serious LANDSCAPE Unilever was the main player in dishwashing in 2010 with a worth portion of practically 18%. The organization profits by a solid publicizing nearness, with its Vim image in this way getting a charge out of far reaching mindfulness and dependability. The organization additionally profits by the far reaching accessibility of Vim, which is conspicuously shown in many outlets that offer hand dishwashing. The organization likewise offers the premium Persil brand close by dishwashing, which offers to numerous mid-and high-pay customers. Possibilities * Hand dishwashing is relied upon to profit by monetary development and urbanization in Pakistan during the estimate period.As customers move to urban areas and experience higher extra cash levels, their propensities are probably going to change. A developing spotlight on cleanliness will urge numerous to exchange up from bar cleansers to hand dishwashing whe n washing dishes. Lemon Max Bar Product History: Lemon Max Bar is a quality is washing bar with authority in dish wash portion in Pakistan. Lemon Max Bar is result of Colgate Palmolive, which was propelled in 1982 with scourer installed. Essential customers of Max Bar are ladies/housewives that utilization brand for cleaning their family unit dishes. The customers have endorsed top notch gauges and advantages offered by Max Bar.Max Bar with solid, lemon-like, oil purging activity and name that gave impression of outside brand. In 1985 the brand director discovered that customer see that scourer harmed the dishes then they propelled max fluid unilever propelled their Rin in this dishwashing fragment. The opposition become heat up however as per overview buyer utilized brand for their quality dishes utensils. Substantial advancement began between these two brands. Rin got situating issues and item shading disarray among the customer making the most of from that open door max take the game by substantial advancement and situating of lemon power.In 2001, Rin was change to vim and gave a test to the maximum bar and again rivalry begins. Toward the finish of 2004 Rin disappear from the market and max become the pioneer in the market. Promoting Strategy: A publicizing procedure is a crusade created to convey thoughts regarding items and administrations to potential buyers with expectations of persuading them to purchase those items and administrations. Execution: The general imagination of the dishwasher bar is acceptable and is exceptionally adequate in the Pakistan’s existing business sector individuals having diverse pay level can buy it and it is accessible in each departmental store with a sensible price.The bundling is in green and yellow shading with to a great extent composed MAX in the bar. The bar isn't simply restricted to clean the utensils it likewise gives the scent of lemon. Inventive thought: The organization board made these inquiry inside the m and discover the answers for right advancement and media the undertaking is to picking the media through which the clients and watchers see what the organization to make them mindful about the item and they have a brand dedication about it subsequent to watching and utilizing it. 1. Who is our crowd? 2.Where would we say we are currently in the brains of our intended interest group? 3. Where are our rivals in the brains of our intended interest group? 4. Where would we like to be in the psyches of our intended interest group? 5. What is the customer guarantee or the enormous thought? 6. What is the supporting proof? 7. What is the manner of speaking of the advertisement? Procedure: Max's advertising system is an outstanding case of fruitful frontal assault. The brand had the option to locate a dependable and supportable differentiator against Vim. Max took the situation of an Antibacterial dish wash bar to battle Vim.Max was Pakistan's first Anti-bacterial dish wash bar. Not surpr isingly, the germs were in a bad way. Max situated itself as a dish wash bar that murdered all the microscopic organisms in the utensils. The situating was keen since Vim was situated dependent on tidiness. Max is inventive in making mindfulness about the chance of germs in utensils. There was likewise another keen thought from the brand. In principle, we regularly state that the differentiator ought to be significant, supportable and not effortlessly duplicated by contenders. Correspondence Media:The attributes of the objective shopper should be consider as a publicist chooses what media to utilize. The sorts of media classes from which publicists of pick incorporate the accompanying: * Printâ€Primarily papers (both week after week and every day) and magazines. * Audioâ€FM and AM radio. * Videoâ€Promotional recordings, infomercials. * Outdoor advertisingâ€Billboards, notices on open transportation (taxis, transports). USP of MAX is†¦ â€Å"Hara Kam Main Khara† likewise, the other one is â€Å"Ghulae Kam Zayada Chalae† AD Type:The Ad, which I introduced, is the influential.

Systematic Desensitization Exercise

Systematic Desensitization Exercise Panic Disorder Treatment Print Systematic Desensitization Exercise By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Updated on April 10, 2019 Systematic Desensitization. Getty Images Credit: Tetra Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions Systematic desensitization usually starts with imagining yourself in a progression of fearful situations. Before beginning systematic  desensitization  exercise, you need to have mastered relaxation training and develop a hierarchy (from least feared to most feared) list of your feared situations.  Once you can successfully manage your anxiety in this way, you can repeat the steps in the actual situations that you fear. The process takes you from your imagination to real life (in vivo) exposure. Systemic Desensitization Steps Using systematic desensitization to conquer a fear of shopping in large stores may go something like this: Create an Anxiety Hierarchy Create an anxiety hierarchy of the steps involved in going shopping in a large store. For example, you may have the least anxiety walking into the store. As you get further from the exit doors, your anxiety intensifies. Standing in the checkout line may represent your highest fear response. Arrange your list from the least to most distressful. Start With Your Least Fear Next, imagine yourself standing at the entrance outside of a store. Closing your eyes may help you to picture the scene. As you imagine yourself in this situation, you are likely to feel a sense of anxiety. Use deep breathing to regain a sense of calm. Perform this exercise several times a day until you can imagine yourself at the store entrance without too much discomfort. Take the Next Step Now, imagine yourself entering the store. You counteract your anxiety with the relaxation techniques you’ve learned. Once you are able to imagine yourself entering the store without a great deal of anxiety, go to the next step. Continue to Journey up the Fear Ladder You’re walking down a store aisle, getting further from the exit door. You continue to picture this scene, using your relaxation training to counteract your anxiety. Continue this step several times per day for as long as it takes you to effectively manage your anxiety. Face Your Greatest Fear Now you’re ready for your most feared situation â€" standing in the checkout line. Just as in the other steps, you imagine the scene and counteract your anxious feelings with relaxation techniques. Once you feel comfortable with all of these steps, you are ready to try the exercise “in vivo,” or for real, beginning with standing outside of the store’s entrance. The result of systematic desensitization is that you have gradually (systematically) become desensitized to the various anxiety-provoking triggers of shopping in a large store. Get Professional Help to Work Through Fears If you have difficulty getting to a state of relaxation or identifying your anxiety hierarchy, you should consult with a  professional  who will be able to provide you with guidance. A mental health professional can assist you in developing your relaxation response. They will also be able to guide you through the remaining steps of systematic desensitization, helping you work through your fears and reaching a more relaxed state.  Aside from assisting through the steps of systemic desensitization, your provider will be there to help you get past anxiety, overcome emotional issues, and return to your previous level of functioning.

Timeline from 1890 to 1900 - Significant Events

Decade By Decade: Timelines of the 1800s 1890 July 2, 1890: The Sherman Anti-Trust Act became law in the United States.July 13, 1890: John C. Frà ©mont, American explorer and political figure, died in New York City at the age of 77.July 29, 1890: Artist Vincent Van Gogh died in France at the age of 37 after shooting himself two days earlier.October 1, 1890: At the urging of John Muir, The U.S. Congress designated Yosemite a National Park. Carleton E. Watkins/Getty Images December 15, 1890: Sitting Bull, legendary Sioux leader, died at the age of 59 in South Dakota. He was killed while being arrested in the federal governments crackdown on the Ghost Dance movement.December 29, 1890: The Wounded Knee Massacre took place in South Dakota when U.S. Cavalry troopers fired on Lakota Sioux who had gathered. The killing of hundreds of unarmed men, women, and children essentially marked the end of Native American resistance to white rule in the West. 1891 February 14, 1891: William Tecumseh Sherman, Civil War general, died in New York City at the age of 71.March 17, 1891: The St. Patricks Day parade in New York City began using the traditional route up Fifth Avenue.April 7, 1891: American showman Phineas T. Barnum died in Bridgeport, Connecticut at the age of 80.May 5, 1891: Carnegie Hall opened in New York City. Gabriel Hackett/Archive Photos/Getty Images June 25, 1891: The character Sherlock Holmes, created by Arthur Conan Doyle, appeared in The Strand magazine for the first time.September 28, 1891: Herman Melville, author of Moby Dick, died in New York City at the age of 72. At the time of his death he was not well remember for his classic novel about whaling, but more for earlier books set in the South Seas.October 6, 1891: Irish political figure Charles Stewart Parnell died in Ireland at the age of 45.December 4, 1891: One of the richest men in America, financier Russell Sage, was nearly blown to bits in a bizarre dynamite attack in his Manhattan office. 1892 March 26, 1892: American poet Walt Whitman died in Camden, New Jersey at the age of 72.May 28, 1892: Writer and naturalist John Muir founded the Sierra Club. Muirs campaigning for conservation would exert an influence on American life in the 20th century.July 6, 1892: The Homestead Steel Strike in western Pennsylvania turned into a ferocious day-long battle between Pinkerton men and townspeople.August 4, 1892: Andrew Borden and his wife were murdered in Fall River, Massachusetts and his daughter Lizzie Borden was accused of the gruesome crime.November 8, 1892: Grover Cleveland won the U.S. presidential election, becoming the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. Oscar White/Corbis/VCG/Getty Images   1893 January 17, 1893: Rutherford B. Hayes, who became president following the disputed election of 1876, died in Ohio at the age of 70.February 1893: Thomas A. Edison finished building his first motion picture studio.March 4, 1893: Grover Cleveland was inaugurated as president of the United States for the second time.May 1, 1893: The 1893 Worlds Fair, known as the Columbian Exposition, opened in Chicago.   Frances Benjamin Johnston/Library of Congress/Getty Images May 1893: A decline in the New York stock market triggered the Panic of 1893, which led to an economic depression second only to the Great Depression of the 1930s.June 20, 1893: Lizzie Borden was acquitted of murder.December 1893: The British public was outraged when Arthur Conan Doyle published a story in which Sherlock Holmes apparently died. 1894   Getty Images March 25, 1894: Coxeys Army, a march to protest unemployment that was largely the result of the Panic of 1893, departed from Ohio on its way to Washington, D.C.April 30, 1894: Coxeys Army reached Washington, D.C. and its leaders were arrested the next day. The demands of Jacob Coxey, which focused on great government intervention in the economy, would eventually move into the mainstream.May 1894: The Pullman Strike began, and spread throughout the summer before being put down by federal troops.June 22, 1894: Pierre de Coubertin organized a meeting which led to the creation of the International Olympic Committee.September 1894: The U.S. Congress designated the first Monday of September as a legal holiday, Labor Day, to mark the contributions of labor, in part as a peace offering to the labor movement following the crackdown on the Pullman Strike. 1895 February 20, 1895: Abolitionist author Frederick Douglass died in Washington, D.C. at the age of 77.May 6, 1895: Future president  Theodore Roosevelt became president of the New York City police board, effectively becoming the police commissioner. His efforts to reform the police department became legendary and heightened his public profile.December 1895: President Grover Cleveland arranged for a White House Christmas tree lit with Edison electric bulbs.Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, arranged in his will for his estate to fund the Nobel Prize. Bettmann/Getty Images 1896 January 15, 1896: Photographer Mathew Brady died in New York City.April 1896: The first modern Olympic games, the idea of Pierre de Coubertin, are held in Athens, Greece.   Historica Graphica Collection/Heritage Images/Getty Images May 18, 1896: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that the separate but equal principle of Jim Crow laws in the segregated American South is legal.July 1, 1896: Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Toms Cabin, died in Hartford, Connecticut at the age of 85.November 3, 1896: William McKinley was elected president of the United States, defeating William Jennings Bryan.December 10, 1896: Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of the Nobel Prize, died in Italy at the age of 63. 1897 March 4, 1897: William McKinley was inaugurated as president of the United States.July 1897: The Klondike Gold Rush began in Alaska.   LaRoche/Library of Congress/Getty Images 1898 February 15, 1898: The American battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded in the harbor at Havana, Cuba, a mysterious event that will lead to the United States going to war with Spain.April 25, 1898: The United States declared war on Spain.May 1, 1898: At the Battle of Manila Bay, an American fleet in the Philippines defeated a Spanish naval force.May 19, 1898: William Ewart Gladstone, former prime minister of Britain, died in Wales at the age of 88.July 1, 1898: At the Battle of San Juan Hill, Col. Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders charged Spanish positions.   CORBIS/Historical/Getty Images July 30, 1898: German statesman Otto von Bismarck died at the age of 88. 1899 July 1899: Newsboys in New York City went on strike for several weeks in a significant action related to child labor.July 18, 1899: Writer Horatio Alger died in Massachusetts at the age of 67. Decade By Decade: 1800-1810 | 1810-1820 | 1820-1830 | 1830-1840 | 1840-1850 | 1850-1860 | 1860-1870 | 1870-1880 | 1880-1890 | The Civil War Year By Year

Comparison Of Management Systems Traditional Vs. Supply...

Running head:COMPARISON OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Comparison of Management Systems: Traditional vs. Supply Chain Management and Customer Relationship Management Ashley Virts University of Maryland University College Executive Summary Growing competition and escalation in customer demands have led business management to sophisticated information technology in order to effectively manage cost and productivity within operations. Alternate approaches to traditional management systems are working to improve and streamline business processes to meet those needs. Supply Chain Management (SCM) aims to facilitate the collaboration between the organization, its suppliers, the manufacturers, distributors, and the partners. Similarly, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) serves to enhance the relationship with customers and provide efficient management of customer-related information. Both SCM and CRM provide good data for business analytics, cost management, forecasting purposes, and adding to the bottom line. However, determining which system is most efficient depends entirely on the primary goal of the business, and can vary by application. Nonetheless, research concludes that both SCM and CRM are more valuable than tra ditional management systems, when applied alone, or together, to provide a competitive edge for businesses. Comparison of Management Systems: Traditional vs. Supply Chain Management and Customer Relationship Management Intense business competition has evolvedShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Managemetn - Scm vs. Crm and Erp Essay2116 Words   |  9 PagesSupply Chain Management (SCM) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) vs. Enterprise Resource System (ERP) a Comparative Paper. Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP), also referred to as the traditional management system, was generated from the MRP or the Material Requirement Systems. Companies have utilized this system for well over 25 years. In its primary set up, the MRP stores data related to inventory control and production planning. The system is widespread with the use of one itsRead MoreThe Impact Of Supply Chain Management On Enterprise Resource Planning2885 Words   |  12 PagesImpact of Supply Chain Management on Enterprise Resource Planning Ravinder Reddy Avangapuram Sachin Patil Srihari Dama Madhurima Dasari December 8, 2014 Abstract This research paper presents the results from a literature review on the traditional supply chain management (SCM) problems, reasons of implementing the Enterprise resource planning (ERP) in organizations. The main aim of our research paper is to evaluate the impact of Enterprise resource planning on supply chain management and toRead MoreSupply Chain Trends 2016 : 5 Areas Shaping The Future Of Scm1304 Words   |  6 PagesSupply Chain Trends 2016: 5 Areas shaping the future of SCM 1. Circular VS. Linear Supply chain Research has shown that there has been a gradual shift from the traditional linear supply chain to a modern circular supply chain point of view. The idea of a circular economy was introduced to experts in the field in 2013. However, it wasn’t until recently that experts agreed on the impact of the circular economy and its role in forming the circular supply chain. Traditionally, supply chain strategyRead MoreB2B And B2C Marketing Strategies Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesto attract and retain customers. The following sections will provide a comparison of the marketing strategies employed and tools utilized by B2B and B2C e-business sites. Business owners, members of the management team and key decision-makers are primarily the target for B2B marketing programs. According to Management Centre Europes website, B2B marketing is the process by which your company builds and maintains strong and profitable relationships with business customers - by creating value forRead MoreB2B and B2C Marketing Strategies1422 Words   |  6 Pagesto attract and retain customers. The following sections will provide a comparison of the marketing strategies employed and tools utilized by B2B and B2C e-business sites. Business owners, members of the management team and key decision-makers are primarily the target for B2B marketing programs. According to Management Centre Europes website, B2B marketing is the process by which your company builds and maintains strong and profitable relationships with business customers - by creating value forRead MoreCase Analysis: Minit-Lube993 Words   |  4 Pageschanges, lubrication, and interior cleaning in a spotless environment. The buildings are clean, painted white, and often surrounded by neatly trimmed landscaping. 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(Mattila et al. 2002: 340 – 351) Esprit is a fashion brand owned by Esprit Holding Ltd., manufacturing apparelRead MoreIt Implementation for Procomm Technology Solutions, an It Consulting Company6643 Words   |  27 PagesInformation Technology Implementation Plan for ProComm Technology Solutions, an IT Consulting Company George Lisboa Jr. American Public University System Abstract Companies must constantly search for new advantages, make smart entrepreneurial decisions, and orchestrate strategic change in order to stay ahead of the competition. Most of the world’s leading companies make regular use of consulting services to help them build and strengthen their competitive advantages. In responding to uncommonRead Moretraditional and modern food systems7791 Words   |  32 Pages2006, 24 (1): 31-49 Traditional vs. Modern Food Systems? Insights from Vegetable Supply Chains to Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) Jean-Joseph Cadilhon, Paule Moustier, Nigel D. Poole, Phan Thi Giac Tam and Andrew P. Fearneâˆâ€" This article describes the development of vegetable marketing in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), where modern distribution outlets are competing fiercely with traditional traders for wholesale and retail customers. Data from interviews with supply chain stakeholders and a survey

Environmental Risk Assessment Of Pipelines Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The aims of this survey are to analyze the function of ESI for hiting the hazards posed by grapevines to the environment every bit good as to bespeak the hazard tonss in location-based maps. A comparative semi-quantitative attack based on land utilizations and High-Value Areas ( HVAs ) was carried out. A geographical information system ( GIS ) as a tool was employed to make fresh maps related to environmental hazards utilizing rational mathematical equations. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Risk Assessment Of Pipelines Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The chief logic for utilizing the equations was the distance-based attacks and ESI every bit good as intersections. A hazard geographical map based on the ESIs and concluding hazard mark ( FRS ) is presented with consequences demoing that the most sensitive and bad country is an country comprised of Rhizophora mangle forested flora located in the grapevine locality. It is shown that mapping the hazards of grapevines with the applied method is of more dependability and convenience every bit good as comparative fullness in comparing to show non-holistic methods for measuring the environmental hazards of grapevines. Hazard is the badness of the effects of a risky activity sing its chance of happening ( Jafari et al. , 2010a, B, degree Celsius, vitamin D ) . Pipeline failures can potentially do terrible amendss. Environmental hazard appraisal ( ERA ) involves the scrutiny of hazards ensuing from natural events ( deluging, utmost conditions events, etc. ) , engineering, patterns, procedures, merchandises, agents ( chemical, biological, radiological, etc. ) and industrial activities that may present menaces to ecosystems, animate beings and people ( Belluck and Sally, 2001 ; Anonymous, 2004 ) . Hazard directors may make up one’s mind, for illustration, that estimated hazards are acceptable, and no action is required, or that hazards are excessively high and require redress, extenuation, ordinance, decrease, or prohibition ( Belluck and Sally, 2001 ) . 1.2. Environmental sensitiveness index ( ESI ) Environmental Sensitivity Indices ( ESI ) composed of many field-data is indispensable for monitoring and control systems ( Schiller et al. , 2005 ) . Mok Kang ( 2002 ) has carried out a sensitiveness analysis of the Korean composite environmental index ( CEI ) by analyzing the CEIs computed by functional signifiers and those derived from sentiment studies, with a particular accent on the appraisal of weights of environmental indexs and subjects: the CEIs are based on environmental subjects and force per unit area indexs. NOAAaa‚ ¬a„?s ( National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ) Environmental Sensitivity Index ( ESI ) attack consistently compiles information in standard formats for coastal shoreline sensitiveness, biological resources, and human-use resources. ESI maps are utile for placing 47 sensitive resources before a spill occurs so that protection precedences can be established and cleanup schemes designed in progress. Using ESIs in spill response reduces environmental effects of the spill and killing attempts ( NOAA, 2008a ) . Environmental Sensitivity Index ( ESI ) maps have been an built-in constituent of oil-spill eventuality planning and response since 1979, when the first ESI maps were prepared yearss in progress of the reaching of the oil slipperinesss from the IXTOC 1 good blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. Since that clip, ESI Atlass have been prepared for most of the U.S. shoreline, including Alaska and the Great Lakes Before 1989, traditional sensitiveness maps were produced as colour paper maps, with limited distribution ( because of the cost of reproduction ) , and without a agency for ready updating. However, since 1989, ESI Atlass have been generated from digital databases utilizing Geographic Information System ( GIS ) techniques. As the oil-spill response community moves towards development of machine-controlled sensitiveness maps, it is of import to specify what comprises the ESI function system and how this information is being developed and distributed utilizing GIS engineering ( NOAA, 2008b ) . 1.3. ESI in grapevine hazard appraisal For the initial stages of hazard direction, a rigorous definition of environmentally sensitive countries might non be perfectly necessary. A working definition by which most people would acknowledge a sensitive country might do. Such a on the job definition would necessitate to turn to rare works and animate being home grounds, delicate ecosystems, impacts on biodiversity, and state of affairss where conditions are preponderantly in a natural province, undisturbed by adult male. To more to the full distinguish sensitive countries, the definition should besides turn to the ability of such countries to absorb or retrieve from taint episodes ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) . In the United States, a definition for high environmental sensitiveness includes intake locations for 70 community H2O systems, wetlands, riverine or estuarial systems, national and province Parkss or woods, wilderness and natural countries, wildlife saving countries and safeties, preservation countries, precedence natural heri tage countries, wild and scenic rivers, land trust countries designated critical home ground for threatened or endangered species and federal and province lands that are research natural countries ( Stansbeny, 1995 ) . These country labels fit specific definitions in the US regulative universe. In other states, similar countries, possibly labeled otherwise, will no uncertainty be ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) , as it is so for Iran with more focal point on IUCN classs of protected countries. Shorelines can be particularly sensitive to grapevine spills. Specifically for oil spills, a superior system for impact to shore-line home grounds has been developed for estuarian, lacustrine, and riverian parts ( NOAA, 1994 ) . As an illustration of an appraisal 80 attack, an rating of a gasolene grapevine in the United Kingdom identified, weighted, and scored several critical factors for each grapevine section. The environmental evaluation factors that were portion of the hazard appraisal included ( Muh lbauer, 2004 ) : Land screen type ; Distance to nearest lasting surface H2O ; Required surface H2O quality to prolong current land usage ; Conservation value ; Habitat preserves ; Habitats with longer lived biology ( forests, vineries, groves, gardens ) ; Slope ; Groundwater ; Rock type and likeliness of aquifer ; permeableness and deepness to bedrock every bit good as distance to groundwater extraction points. This appraisal included consideration of costs and troubles associated with reacting to a leak event. Points were assigned for each feature and so grouped into qualitative forms ( low, moderate, high, really high ) ( Morgan, 1995 ) . Schiller et al. , ( 2005 ) presented an algorithm which emulates human expert-decisions on the categorization of sensitiveness categories. This will allow the necessary regular updates of ESI-determination when new field informations become available utilizing automated 92 categorizations processs. Showing a survey on sensitiveness analysis, Hadi d and Afra ( 2000 ) carried out a numerical sensitiveness analysis of the site 93 consequence on dynamic response of grapevines embedded in some idealised dirt sedimentations resting on a half infinite covering a broad scope of dirt profiles encountered in pattern and subjected to vertically propagating shear moving ridges. A paper described how HSE has piloted a Geographic Information System ( GIS ) by Brazier and Greenwood ( 1998 ) . To back up the adept determination doing procedure and to help in guaranting consistent responses within statutory deadlines. It considers both the advantages and disadvantages of a GIS over more conventional methods every bit good as possible developments such as the usage of population informations in sing social hazards, biological restraints and 3D terrain function. 1.4. Equivalencies of receptors A trouble in all hazard appraisals is the finding of a harm province on which to establish frequency-of-occurrence estimations. This is farther complicated by the normal presence of several types of receptors, each with different exposures to a menace such as thermic radiation or taint. The overall trouble is sometimes addressed by running several hazard appraisals in analogue, each matching to a certain receptor or receptor-damage province. In this attack, separate hazard values would be generated for, as an illustration, human deaths, hurts, groundwater taint, belongings harm values, etc. The advantage of this attack is in gauging absolute hazard values. The disadvantage is the extra complexness in mold and subsequent determination devising. Another attack is to allow any particular exposure of any threatened receptor govern the hazard appraisal. There is a protocol for grouping assorted receptor impacts into three sensitiveness countries: normal, sensitive, and allergic. This was developed to execute an environmental appraisal ( EA ) of a proposed gasolene grapevine. Under this classification, an country was judged to be sensitive or allergic if any 116 one of the receptors is defined to be sensitive or allergic. This conservatively uses the worst instance component, but does non see cumulative effectsaa‚ ¬ † when multiple sensitive or allergic elements are present. A 3rd option in uniting assorted receptor types into a hazard appraisal is to set up equivalencies among the receptors: This attack might be more controversial because judgements are made that straight value certain types of receptor amendss more than others. Note, nevertheless, that the other attacks are besides faced with such judgements although they might be pushed to the determination stage instead than the assessment stage of hazard direction. This attack presents another possible marking strategy for some environmental issues and HVAs. In this strategy, the higher tonss repre sent higher effects. This establishes some equivalencies among assorted environmental and other receptors, including population denseness ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) . How to cite Environmental Risk Assessment Of Pipelines Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Centers Disease Control and Prevention †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Centers Disease Control and Prevention. Answer: Introduction HIV is considered as one of the challenges to the life of human and dignity. It gives direct impact on the levels of society and also gives impact on the global economic and social development. It is a virus that directly attacks the immune system. The virus gives negative impact on the white blood cell in the immune system named as T helper cell and makes many copies of it inside the cells. The biomedical concept is taken into consideration and it remains as a dominant concept related with health. It states that the body is a machine that comprises of various parts working together. If one part is not functioning properly, then proper diagnosis takes place and it is healed by taking medicines prescribed by a doctor. Pharmacology is considered as a treatment that is beneficial in the treatment of HIV. It is assessed that to promote biomedical, the alternatives approaches are taken into consideration to heal the problem of an individual. The biomedical approach can be unsuitable for some communities and also it generates the feeling of helplessness and gives impact on the success of the interventions. The concept that is related to health and illness are diverse and also complex as compared to the medical model. It gives the main emphasis on the health of an individual and also it is related to the complete life experiences that are concerned with local and cultural structures. But the biomedical approach heals the whole person by connecting the illness of an individual with the person's social and economic background. The critics are evaluated of this model that the concept is very difficult to analyze and also it remains marginalized and also less recognized. On the contrary, Taylor (2003) states that lay perspective is considered as an important knowledge for the health of the p ublic as it searches the root of illness for giving treatment to a large population if the comparison is made with the individual focused interventions. The medical model creates hindrance in enhancing and creating prevention of the diseases like HIV (Wouters et al. (2016). In the theory of Goffman (1990), it assists to understand that how the stigma is built and how it influences the lives of the people that create the boundaries between those in power and those do not have the power (Attell,2013). By the power the social inequality is created that lead to creation of social norms. The stigma is formulated that helps to interact with people and also power structure that helps to maintain control of the powerless. Both the theories are taken into consideration in HIV and are concerned to showcase that how negative attitude, abuse are directed towards PLWHA have given direct impact on the progress of treatment and prevention (Ngo et al., 2013). The investigation has highlighted that stigma in health care settings are taken from social power imbalances that give contribution to keep the people away from the treatment of HIV. Also, the patients feel sad and disappointed when they analyzed that the health workers are feeling uncomfortable and also giving treatment in an inferior manner (Rodger et al., 2014). In Tanzania, there are many discriminatory practices like talking about the HIV status, neglect and also discloses the information without the consent of the patients. Also, it is evaluated that in many countries the health workers disclose the status of HIV patients to their families without giving information to the patients. In most of the studies, harassment and also avoiding the patients who are suffering from HIV positive are the common features that are analyzed. There are many health workers who used protective clothing even when there is no physical interaction at the time of interactions (Matheson et al., 2013). The literature on HIV and also to access the health services is negative as the evidence is evaluated and also the HIV services were de stigmatizing in various parts of the globe. Brazil has also taken into consideration the model by PLWHA. For them, it is the supportive structural system that enhances healthy environments and promotes the participation of various groups in the society and also in the government. In South Africa, many people rely on traditional healing. In the prevention of HIV, Aids Activism plays a great role by converting the biomedical approach in the framework of ideologies (Earnshaw et al., 2013). The literature states that for effective control of HIV it is important to have collaboration between lay perspectives and biomedical approach. It is also evaluated that there is no cure for AIDS but it can enhance the life by reducing the level of HIV in the body, it delays the process between the HIV and AIDS. According to the World Bank, There are 60 million people who are living with HIV globally. Also, the treatment has enhanced but as it is analyzed that for every 100 people on treatment, 250 people get infected. The people are only trusting biomedical approach for treatment and care of HIV (Katz et al., 2013). By analyzing the UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010, it is seen that in total 7 countries the HIV has enhanced by 25 percent between 2001 and 2009. Sub Saharan Africa, is considered as the area that is highly affected by the epidemic and also it shows the signs in reducing the positive behavior due to the enhancement of the services that are related to the local culture (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNICEF, 2010).The challenges that are given by HIV to the global public health are, the Baum says collective participation fight can be conducted against the disease. She stated that the community level mobilization is when there is an effective partnership between the structure and the lay people (Campbell Foulis, 2004). This is then supported by the farmer who does not consider the dominance of biomedical in health and healing (Norris et al., 2014). He considers that the lay people have an important role in the health improvements and also gives focus on the significance of understanding the experience of lay people for conducting successful interventions. He showed that the health care services should be easily visible to PLWHA .Also; the professional of healthcare should give knowledge about the impact of stigma on patients and policies that enhances inclusion of PLWHA in decisions that gives direct impact on the lives (Wu Li, 2013). Parker and Aggleton, (2003) also stated that collective participation between the lay people and health structures plays as a successful anti-stigma services (Parker Aggleton, 2003). It is evaluated that the health structure and PLWHA can be enhanced by involving lay people through advocacy. If the involvement is high of PLWHA, then the focus is given on the principle of PLWA because the situation can be analyzed in an effective manner (Li et al., 2015). Also, the voices can listen if the needs are showcased by people in the same situation. In the study of Zambia, it is seen that the professionals who are living with HIV are in the position to sponsor for the people who access the services. Baum states that the advocacy consists of public health a practitioner who gives direct influence on the barriers in the health of the public. Literature also states that the concept of health and healing helps to access the services that give treatment and prevention from AIDS (Herek et al., 2013).The biomedical approach is related to the concept of health and illness through science and expertise by giving emphasis on the individual. The lay concept considers health and heal ing as surrounded by the local, social and cultural structures and also it considers the public health for a wide population. The literature also advises the approach is effective in the prevention of HIV. The arguments give significance on collaborating the models. So there is the need of the intervention programmers so that holistic approach can be developed and also proper understanding should be taken into consideration (World Health Organization, 2016). Before the identification of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, the principal mode that is considered in the transmission was through the contaminated blood. There are 13,000 cases of AIDS that have occurred among hemophiliacs in the United States. There are two reasons due to which the risk categories are reduced, screening of blood and also to prevent the individual from donating the blood. It is also analyzed that HIV is transmitted through the maternal blood that enters by the circulation of fetal circulation virus at the time of labor and delivery. The postnatal HIV infection can take place via breastfeeding and also include 14 percent of the HIV infections at the time of delivery. The virus can easily enter the body through infected cells. The transmission mode considers the initial cells that encounter virus. Indication suggests that in the sexual transmission 1 variant of HIV Can reduce the frequency in order to pass to the recipient (Brown et al., 2016). Host and Environmental factor HIV is enhancing in context with the socioeconomic problem. There are many factors that cause poverty, cultural aspects and also it is essential for the rapid and global development of AIDS epidemic. It is a virus that is caused due to the deficiency in the human. It is important to have a proper scientific knowledge that is essential to prevent AIDS. The progress is made in which micro bides are developed and also there is anti-infective medication that is formulated to prevent HIV. It is also important that the development should be supported by the education campaigns that geared women perspective to safeguard themselves and their children from the transmission of HIV (Yusuf et al., 2015). It is significant that the vaccine development should take place in a proper manner. In the recent scenario, the environmental awareness has attained the attention of the public. The influence is also put on the environmental factors like weather, personal attitudes and also on policies that have infected the life of the persons. In the idea of a vaccine, the edible tissue of transgenic crop plants has also achieved a great success (Emlet et al., 2015).It has a negative impact on the economies of many countries. The magnitude of the demographic and economic impact is reducing the health gains that are made in the last few decades. People with HIV create a burden on the public finance and the major impact was on the health sector. The impact of HIV is on the individuals and also on their families. There are many cases that have resulted in the loss of the income and also enhanced expenditure. The families that are affected by HIV reduce the savings and assets so that the expenditure and income shocks can be attained (Siegel et al., 2015). It has also reduced the profits and labor productivity due to the enhancement in the AIDS expenditure. ILO evaluates that t hirty-seven million people globally are involved in the productive economic activities are HIV positive. It has also given impact on employment, relationships and also on the social reactions of the community members. HIV has also given impact on the parenthood. It is stated that 70 percent of the parents who are HIV infected taken into consideration that their family planning is over, as it is not possible to bear any more child (Masur et al., 2014). The children suffering from HIV have a high risk of death and also the direct impact is given on the psychology of the children. The study states that genetic measurements should be straightforward and should also measure the environmental exposure. There are various challenges to overcome the environmental factors. The multivariate models require validation both internally and externally. The research also investigated that the social and health factor that is related to the HIV infection. If there is a higher rate of prevalence and also the availability is easy of the physicians then the prevention can be made easily by the HIV. If there is a high rate of an adolescent fertility rate that can easily enhance the epidemic. It is also evaluated that HIV gives impact on the family, community, and country (Bennett et al., 2014). Potential Policy Responses It is analyzed that in the countries of central Asia the HIV is enhancing globally, and also it has been driven by injecting drug use. There are various approaches that give support to children who are affected by HIV. It gives direct and indirect impact on the rights of children and also the consequences of the impact can be minimized if the qualities of health and education services are accessed. There are four major principles related to the rights of children: The right to survive and also to protect from the neglection and from abuse, the right to listen and to raise the voice and also the right related to freedom from discrimination. Right based programming is also related to prevention, care, protection and impact mitigation. It focuses on promoting the participation of the children in implementing the HIV programmes (Okoror et al., 2014). The global strategy is taken into consideration so that the guidance can be attained for the orphans and also for the infected children by HIV. The strategies that are analyzed have the aim to: Enhance the capacity of the families so that the protection and care can be given to orphans and to the infected children. It also ensures that the essential services should be given to the orphan and infected children that consist of education and health. It is also analyzed that awareness is essential for creating a supportive environment for the children and also for families who are directly affected by HIV. The strategies are considered as an important aspect that is required for effective care and support (Insight Start Study Group, 2015). There are various policies and practices that have given significant improvement in the lives of the affected children. It consists of policies and laws that hold the property rights of the orphan. The school education is given for free with the subsidiary and the good governance is supported and promoted. Government programs play a significant role in assisting care for people with HIV but it is evaluated that there are some limitations. The limitations are: Some people do not consider the early therapy because of some rules related to eligibility. The goals and the standards of HIV are related to the primary care so that the disease can be monitored and also effective therapy that is based on the clinical indicator for the progression of disease (Cohen et al., 2016). The majority of funds are provided in context with the Care act that is distributed with the community input. The care Act gives emphasis on the role of planning and also in decision making with the involvement of the community and also it meets the needs of HIV. Congress also considered the unmet needs of the communities. In 1999, Congress has given funds to assist a minority HIV people. The main aim of the member of the community is to give a response to the HIV Epidemic (Oni Unwin, 2015). The congressional Black caucus also played a significant role in creating the initiatives and also to consider the priority of funding. Medicaid is one of the public programs that give drug coverage. Under this, the drug is considered as an optional service that should be provided by the state. There are very important variations to cover the policies from state to state and also to limit the number of prescriptions that are given and filled each month (Breet et al., 2014). In many states, an individual who is disabled and eligible for the income-related with supplemental income qualifies for Medicaid. The SSI is an income support program that is conducted by the social security administration for low-income group. The program that is related to social security disability gives income support payments to the workers who are considered as disabled. The state gives an offer of providing full Medicaid benefit to the individuals that consist of disabilities and also the income that is more than the income level. The state also considers a certain amount to disregard and also gives focus on determining the eligibility criteria of Medicaid (Deeks et al., 2013). The high ability of the policy refers to collect, analyze and also to use the data and the result of health policy that helps to implement in an effective manner. HPP give strength to the governments, individuals and also to the society to frame the policy to develop and implement to give a boost to the national efforts related to HIV. The biological, behavioral and also structural plays a great role and also there is a higher risk for HIV transmission rather than for other individuals (Hanson et al., 2014). Conclusion So, it is analyzed that there are many individuals who are affected by the virus. The direct impact is on contracting and also living with the virus is a great challenge for the individual. The direct impact is considered by analyzing the effectiveness of the management program and also it is related to the prevention of new infections. The main challenge is to encourage HIV testing by considering the risk groups and the care should be given who are living with HIV. It is essential to take corrective steps and also to consider prevention methods so that it cannot be spread easily. At the time of prevention, it is essential that physical and psychosocial impact should be taken into consideration of the virus. The policies and procedures should consider the wants of the individuals, families and of the community so that the impact on the various sectors can be addressed properly. Also, it is evaluated that the biomedical and lay perspective approach helps to prevent HIV and also enhanc es the benefits. The holistic approach should be considered that collaborates the model of HIV. It gives impact on lot of the lives of an individual and also through the collective action of the society and also by the national support it can be controlled. References Attell,B.K.(2013). Social contact theory: A framework for understanding Aids related stigma. The journal of public and professional Sociology. Bennett, J. E., Dolin, R., Blaser, M. J. (2014).Principles and practice of infectious diseases (8th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. Breet, E., Kagee, A., Seedat, S. (2014). HIV-related stigma and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in HIV-infected individuals: does social support play a mediating or moderating role?.AIDS care,26(8), 947-951. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.901486 Brown, M. J., Serovich, J. M., Kimberly, J. A., Hu, J. (2016).Psychological reactance and HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV.AIDS care,28(6), 745-749. Doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1147015 Campbell, C., Foulis, C. (2004). Creating contexts for effective home-based care of people living with HIV/AIDS.Curationis,27(3), 5-14. Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., ...Godbole, S. V. (2016). Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.New England Journal of Medicine,375(9), 830-839. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1600693 Deeks, S. G., Lewin, S. R., Havlir, D. V. (2013). The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease.The Lancet,382(9903), 1525-1533. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61809-7 Earnshaw, V. A., Smith, L. R., Chaudoir, S. R., Amico, K. R., Copenhaver, M. M. (2013). HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework.AIDS and Behavior,17(5), 1785-1795. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0437-9 Emlet, C. A., Brennan, D. J., Brennenstuhl, S., Rueda, S., Hart, T. A., Rourke, S. B. (2015). The impact of HIV-related stigma on older and younger adults living with HIV disease: does age matter?.AIDS care,27(4), 520-528. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.978734 Hanson, M. A., Gluckman, P. D., Godfrey, K. M. (2014).Developmental epigenetics and risks of later non-communicable disease.InHormones, Intrauterine Health and Programming(pp. 175-183).Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02591-9_12 Herek, G. M., Saha, S., Burack, J. (2013). Stigma and psychological distress in people with HIV/AIDS.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,35(1), 41-54. doi: 10.1080/01973533.2012.746606 Insight Start Study Group. (2015). Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection.N Engl J Med,2015(373), 795-807. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506816 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS., UNICEF. (2010).Children and AIDS: Fifth Stocktaking Report, 2010. UNICEF. Katz, I. T., Ryu, A. E., Onuegbu, A. G., Psaros, C., Weiser, S. D., Bangsberg, D. R., Tsai, A. C. (2013). Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta-synthesis.Journal of the International AIDS Society,16(3Suppl 2). doi:10.7448/IAS.16.3.18640 Li, L., Liang, L. J., Lin, C., Wu, Z. (2015).Addressing HIV stigma in protected medical settings.AIDS care,27(12), 1439-1442. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1114990 Masur, H., Brooks, J. T., Benson, C. A., Holmes, K. K., Pau, A. K., Kaplan, J. E. (2014). Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Updated Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clinical infectious diseases,58(9), 1308-1311. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu094 Matheson, G. O., Klgl, M., Engebretsen, L., Bendiksen, F., Blair, S. N., Brjesson, M., ... Khan, K. M. (2013). Prevention and management of non-communicable disease: the IOC consensus statement, Lausanne 2013.Br J Sports Med,47(16), 1003-1011. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093034 Ngo, V. K., Rubinstein, A., Ganju, V., Kanellis, P., Loza, N., Rabadan-Diehl, C., Daar, A. S. (2013). Grand challenges: integrating mental health care into the non-communicable disease agenda.PLoS medicine,10(5), e1001443. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001443 Norris, S. A., Anuar, H., Matzen, P., Cheah, J. C. H., Jensen, B. B., Hanson, M. (2014). The life and health challenges of young Malaysian couples: results from a stakeholder consensus and engagement study to support non-communicable disease prevention.BMC public health,14(2), S6. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-S2-S6 ONeil, A., Jacka, F. N., Quirk, S. E., Cocker, F., Taylor, C. B., Oldenburg, B., Berk, M. (2015). A shared framework for the common mental disorders and non-communicable disease: key considerations for disease prevention and control.BMC psychiatry,15(1), 15. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0394-0 Okoror, T. A., BeLue, R., Zungu, N., Adam, A. M., Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2014). HIV positive women's perceptions of stigma in health care settings in Western Cape, South Africa.Health care for women international,35(1), 27-49. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2012.736566 Oni, T., Unwin, N. (2015). Why the communicable/non-communicable disease dichotomy is problematic for public health control strategies: implications of multimorbidity for health systems in an era of health transition.International health,7(6), 390-399. doi: 10.1093/inthealth/ihv040 Parker, R., Aggleton, P. (2003). HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action.Social science medicine,57(1), 13-24. Rodger, A., Bruun, T., Cambiano, V., Vernazza, P., Strada, V., Van Lunzen, J. (2014, March). 153LB: HIV transmission risk through condomless sex if HIV+ partner on suppressive ART: PARTNER Study. In21st Conference on Retroviruses and Oppotunistic Infections(pp. 3-6). Retrieved from https://www.croiconference.org/sites/default/files/abstracts/153LB.pdf Siegel, J., Yassi, A., Rau, A., Buxton, J. A., Wouters, E., Engelbrecht, M. C., ...Nophale, L. E. (2015). Workplace interventions to reduce HIV and TB stigma among health care workersWhere do we go from here?.Global public health,10(8), 995-1007. doi:10.1080/17441692.2015.1021365 World Health Organization. (2016).Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/208825/1/9789241549684_eng.pdf Wouters, E., Rau, A., Engelbrecht, M., Uebel, K., Siegel, J., Masquillier, C., ...Yassi, A. (2016). The development and piloting of parallel scales measuring external and internal HIV and tuberculosis stigma among healthcare workers in the Free State Province, South Africa.Clinical Infectious Diseases,62(suppl_3), S244-S254. doi:10.1093/cid/civ1185 Wu, L., Li, X. (2013). Community-based HIV/AIDS interventions to promote psychosocial well-being among people living with HIV/AIDS: a literature review.Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine: An Open Access Journal,1(1), 31-46. Yusuf, S., Wood, D., Ralston, J., Reddy, K. S. (2015). The World Heart Federation's vision for worldwide cardiovascular disease prevention.The Lancet,386(9991), 399-402. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60265-3

Mark Miller of Sawyer Brown Essay Example

Mark Miller of Sawyer Brown Essay My Idol Mark Miller of Sawyer Brown Joseph Zilar Everest University ENC 1101-80 Composition I Professor: Pirooz  Kalayeh It was in 1984 when introduced to my idol, Mark Miller and Sawyer Brown, the country rock band. I was clicking through the channels and found a show called Star Search. It was the first reality performing arts competition that I had the pleasure to see, other than â€Å"The Gong Show†. I love to sing, so I could relate to the venue at hand. Ed McMahan was the show host, and most may remember him from â€Å"The Tonight Show† with Johnny Carson. I started watching Star Search, and began to root for the country rock band Sawyer Brown each week. Sawyer Brown ended up being the top winner. Here it is almost thirty years later, and Mark Miller and Sawyer Brown are still going strong, and winning over audiences everywhere they go. (Thesis) I picked Mark Miller as my Idol because of; his leadership, his Christian values, sharing personal commonalities, and his love of music. Much of Mark’s music, thanks to his leadership, reflects his deep Christian origins (Evans, and Ross, 2013). Sawyer Brown’s founder and front man of the band, Mark Miller doesn’t sing about cheating. He sings about the common man and having good old fashion fun. When Sawyer Brown was announced the winner of Star Search, the leader Mark Miller thanked God for the opportunity to show their music on TV. I remember them singing a song on Star Search. It was the song â€Å"Step that Step†, and that song was their very first hit. I thought to myself back then that Sawyer Brown would become a big name band as long as Mark’s leadership kept the band grounded in their beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Miller of Sawyer Brown specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Miller of Sawyer Brown specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Miller of Sawyer Brown specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mark is a very quiet and soft spoken Christian man, and makes people wonder where all of his energy on stage comes from and how real it is. You have no idea, says Miller, â€Å"People look at me offstage, and think its an act. But thats how my brother and I were raised. Be good, do right, but when you get to church, you let it go. People talk about my dancing well, where we went to church, thats what people did when the music was pumping. And let me tell you: that music got going† (Sawyerbrown. com, 2013). â€Å"In my Life everything revolves around putting God first, my family second, and then everything lse has to come after that. To this day I’ve never drank a beer. I never have. I was always taught that was wrong† (Evans, and Ross, 2013). Mark Miller was raised up in the Pentecostal church, where the music in church flung down with passion and fire, and that on fire sense of musical explosions happen at all of their performances. I share a lot of things in co mmon with Mr. Mark Miller. My singing voice sounds very much like his. I would say that he sounds like me, but he was born before me, so I sound like him. Mark Miller, like me, has such a love for music too. Mark goes on to say,† Really, I feel music. I feel it through every ounce in me, and through to my bones. You know something rhythmic comes on† (Evans, and Ross, 2013). That is how I feel. Often, someone will speak a phrase, and it will remind me of a song. Then I just start singing that song. Like Mark Miller, I have been writing songs and dancing around since I was 15 years old. Mark has written songs like â€Å"Step that Step†, â€Å"Drive me Wild†, and â€Å"Some Girls do†, just to name a few. I admire Mark very much. Especially for his dedication to follow his passion, and making a living doing what he loves. That’s the one thing I wish I had in common with him. Leader of Sawyer Brown, Mark Miller, and his band have come a long way since 1984 and Star Search. They have most of the original band members, still doing about 80 performances a year, and have their own company, Beach Street Entertainment, which just finished putting out a Christian based movie April 9 of this year (Wyland, 2013). Because of his Christian family values, Mark Miller even finds time to coach his kid’s basketball games. That is why I admire and look up to the singer and song writer, band leader, Christian family man, and entrepreneur Mark Miller. Works cited Evans M. , and Ross S. (2013) Between the Liner Notes, Mark Miller: Who’s the real Sawyer Brown. The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc. http://www. cbn. com/cbnmusic/interviews/700club_sawyerbrown060806. aspx Sawyerbrown. com (2013) Biography, Sawyer Brown. Retrieved August 03, 2013 from http://sawyerbrown. com/index. htm? d=256 Shelton, P. ( 1995) Sawyer Brown. Contemporary Musicians.. Retrieved August 06, 2013 from Encyclopedia. com: http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-3493100061. html Sweet, J. (2000). Sawyer Brown†, Contemporary Musicians. (2000). Retrieved August 03, 2013 from Encyclopedia. com: http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-3494500069. html Wyland, S. (April 8, 2013) Great American Country TV. Retrieved August 03, 2013 from http://blog. gactv. com/blog/2013/04/08/sawyer-browns-mark-miller-releases-first-feature-film/

Oseberg - Viking Ship Burial in Norway

Oseberg - Viking Ship Burial in Norway Oseberg is the name of a Viking ship burial, located near present-day Tà ¸nsberg, Norway, about 60 miles (95 kilometers) south of Oslo, on the banks of the Oslo Fjord in Vestfold county. Oseberg is one of several ship burials in the region, but it is the richest and best preserved of such elite graves. Key Takeaways: Oseberg Ship Burial Oseberg is a Viking boat grave, the interment of two elite women inside a working ship. Created in 834 CE in eastern Norway south of Oslo, the ship and its contents were  remarkably well-preserved.  The ship was likely a royal barge built in 820 CE in western Norway.Completely excavated in 1904, archaeological research has been focused on the analysis and conservation of the recovered artifacts.   Viking Ship Description The Oseberg ship was a karvi, a clinker-constructed ship built almost entirely of oak, and measuring 70.5 feet (21.4 meters) long, 17 ft (5.1 m) wide, and 4.9 ft (1.58 m) deep, from the railing to keel. The hull was constructed of 12 board planks stacked horizontally on either side; the port and starboard upper board planks have 15 oar holes, meaning the ship would have been propelled by a total of 30 oars- the oars were included in the burial. Oseberg was an elaborately decorated ship, with several ornate carvings covering its hull, and it was decidedly not built for strength as a warship might have been. Analysis of the wooden parts of the ship suggested to archaeologists that the ship was originally a royal barge, built in Western Norway about 820 CE and used for short voyages along the coastlines. It wasnt terribly seaworthy, but it was overhauled immediately before the burial. The oars and yardarm were new and not the right size for the ship, and the anchor was too small. Tools found aboard the ship included two small axes, kitchen equipment including a quern for grinding grain located near a butchered ox. The handles on both were well-preserved, with a characteristic herringbone pattern known as spretteteljing in evidence. A small wooden chest was also identified: although it was empty, it is assumed to have been a tool chest. Animals represented in the faunal assemblage included two oxen, four dogs, and 13 horses; there were also sledges, wagons, and a vertical loom. Burial Chamber Gabriel Gustafson excavation: News photo of the Oseberg Viking Ship Burial, 1904. Hulton Archive / Getty Images In the middle of the barge was a timber-built box with a tent-like cover of roughly hewn oak planks and posts. The chamber had been plundered in the 10th century CE- apparently part of ritual disturbances of many mounds during the reign of Harald Bluetooth (911–986 CE), who had ordered the destruction of mounds as part of his Christianization of the Scandinavian people. Despite Harolds efforts, the chamber still included the fragmented skeletal remains of two women, one aged in her 80s and the other in her early fifties. When it was excavated in 1904, the interior of the chamber still contained the remains of several textiles. Some of the textiles may have been bedding, or wall hangings, or both. There were the remains of the womens clothing discovered as well: over 150 fragments of silk were found woven into the garments of the women. Twelve of the fragments were silk embroidery, the earliest found to date in Scandinavia. Some of the silk had been treated with madder and kermes dyes. Some historians (such as Anne-Stine Ingstad, associated with the discovery of Leif Ericssons Lanse aux Meadows camp in Canada) have suggested the elderly woman was Queen Asa, mentioned in the Viking poem Ynglingatal; the younger woman is sometimes referred to as a hofgyà °ja or priestess. The name of Oseberg- the burial is named after the nearby town- might be interpreted as Asas berg; and the word berg is related to the Old High German/Old Anglo-Saxon terms for hill or grave mound. No archaeological evidence has been found to support this hypothesis. Dating the Oseberg Ship Detail of the Oseberg Cart from the Oseberg ship burial, 9th century. Print Collector / Hulton Archive / Getty Images Dendrochronological analysis of the grave chamber timbers gave a precise date of the construction as 834 CE. Radiocarbon dating of the skeletons returned a date of 1220–1230 BP, consistent with the tree ring dates. DNA could only be retrieved from the younger woman, and it suggests she may have originated from the Black Sea region. Stable isotope analysis suggests the two had a primarily terrestrial diet, with relatively small amounts of fish compared to typical Viking fare. Excavation Prior to excavation, the large mound built over the top by the Vikings had been known as Revehaugen or Fox Hill: after the nearby Gokstad ship was discovered in 1880, Fox Hill was presumed to also hold a ship, and clandestine attempts to uncover parts of the mound began. Much of the soil was removed and used for fill before 1902 when the first official survey of what was left of the mound was conducted. Oseberg was excavated by Swedish archaeologist Gabriel Gustafson (1853–1915) in 1904 and eventually written up by A.W. Brogger and Haakon Shetelig. The remarkable preservation of the contents was the result of the weight of the huge mound built above it, which pressed the ship and its contents down below the water table. The ship has been restored and it and its contents have been on display at the Viking Ship House at the University of Oslo since 1926. But over the last 20 years, scholars have noted that the wooden artifacts have become increasingly brittle. Conservation When Oseberg was discovered over a hundred years ago, scholars used typical preservation techniques of the day: all the wooden artifacts were treated to various mixtures of linseed oil, creosote, and/or potassium aluminum sulfate (alum), then coated in lacquer. At the time, the alum acted as a stabilizer, crystallizing the woods structure: but infrared analysis has shown that the alum has caused the complete breakdown of the cellulose, and the modification of lignin. Some of the objects are only held together by the thin layer of lacquer. The Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres have been addressing the issue, and conservationists at the National Museum of Denmark have been working on developing a comprehensive approach to the preservation of waterlogged wooden objects. Although the answers are as yet unclear, some potential exists for the creation of an artificial wood to replace that lost. Selected Sources Bill, Jan. Ambiguous Mobility in the Viking Age Ship Burial from Oseberg. Materialities of Passing: Explorations in Transformation, Transition and Transience. Eds. Bjerregaard, Peter, Anders Emil Rasmussen and Tim Flohr Sà ¸rensen. Vol. 3. Studies in Death, Materiality and the Origin of Time. New York: Routledge, 2016. 207–253. Print. of Power Politics? Antiquity 86.333 (2012): 808–24. Print.Draganits, E., et al. The Late Nordic Iron Age and Viking Age Royal Burial Site of Borre in Norway: ALS- and GPR-Based Landscape Reconstruction and Harbour Location at an Uplifting Coastal Area. Quaternary International 367 (2015): 96–110. Print.McQueen, Caitlin M. A., et al. New Insights into the Degradation Processes and Influence of the Conservation Treatment in Alum-Treated Wood from the Oseberg Collection. Microchemical Journal 132 (2017): 119–29. Print. Nordeide, Sà ¦bjà ¸rg Walaker. Death in Abundance Quickly! The Duration of the Oseberg Burial. Acta Archaeologica 82.1 (2011): 7–11. Print.Vederler, Marianne. Silk for the Vikings. Ancient Textiles Series 15. Oxford: Oxford Books, 2014.

Biofuel topic as an emerging technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biofuel topic as an emerging technology - Essay Example The engineers have stated that they were able to achieve a much higher percentage of energy conversion than what could normal be obtained through natural photosynthesis. This is because the foam does not need to divert some of its energy to help maintain life. It can simply take all of the energy and convert it in larger quantities because of this sole reason. This discovery is amazing and could lead to less crops being destroyed in order to produce biofuels. It will be interesting to see what steps the engineers take to make this production more feasible for a larger scale operation. Body The transformation of unwanted plant material called "biomass" (wood chips, rice husks, grass) into usable fuel is a hot area of scientific research. A recent proposal by Purdue scientists tries to overcome one of the most fundamental problems with so-called biofuel: the high cost of transporting the starting material. If you’re going to take a substance such as wood chips or straw and conve rt it into a usable fuel, you quickly find that it takes a large amount of the biomass in order to make just a small amount of fuel. The scientific description is that biomass has a low energy density. So, trying to transport the huge amount of necessary biomass to a central processing plant becomes prohibitively expensive; you use more fuel transporting the wood chips than you obtain from the fuel transformation process. The Department of Chemical Engineering at Purdue has recently published two scientific articles which attack this problem on a very logical level. Instead of transporting the crude biomass in a bulk, a small portion of the material is used as a hydrogen source which transforms the remaining biomass into a liquid fuel. This intermediate fuel is much higher in energy density and is much less expensive to transport to a central plant for final processing. imagine that you are an orange juice company, looking to reduce your transportation costs. If, instead of transpo rting crates of orange fruits to your factory, you instead transported a crude pulp/juice mixture (produced on site in the orange fields), you could save a lot of money on fuel costs. You reduce the amount of material that you have to ship, and the material that you do transport is more enriched in the part of the orange that you’re interested in. This new method as applied to biofuel is nicknamed "H2Bioil", and uses solar power to split water in the biomass into hydrogen and oxygen. The business of trying to find alternate ways for biofuel production is a profitable one. Thousands of companies are currently racing one another to come up with alternatives to our current biofuel options. Companies are trying to create this fuel through chemical processes that extract sugars from the algae. Perhaps this will lead to more tests being conducted on how to generate energy from different kinds minus using chemicals to get it done. It's important that people realize not only what bio fuels are, but also realize their limitations in terms of the scope of what they can accomplish. A biofuel is any chemical derived from natural foodstocks such as corn or maize which can be burned to provide useful energy. With exposure to the right processing conditions and

Macro & Micro economics (Economics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macro & Micro economics (Economics) - Essay Example 6 (E) If an economy is initially operating at its potential output, explain the short and long- run consequences of a permanent increase in government spending. 9 References 11 (A) Explain why perfectly competitive markets lead to an allocative efficient allocation of resources in the long run. It has often been argued that perfect competition is a market structure which results in efficient allocation of resources. Evidently, the efficient allocation of resources is achieved with due concern towards the profit-maximizing quantity of output produced by perfectly competitive firms which further leads towards price equality with respect to marginal cost. Primarily, in the long run, there exists equality between price and marginal costs at minimum efficient scale of production. In other words, an efficient allocation of resources is realised when it is not possible to enhance the society’s overall degree of satisfaction by generating more of one good and less of other goods. Cont extually, such efficiency can be achieved when the price of goods is equal to the marginal cost of production. Notably, in the long run, firms entering and exiting the industry maximizes profit where these firms generate the below illustrated long-run equilibrium: P=SRMC=LRMC=SRAC=LRAC [Note: P- Price for the good produced; SRMC-Short-run marginal cost; LRMC- Long-run marginal cost; SRAC- Short-run average cost; LRAC-Long–run average cost] Additionally, the above depicted conditions reveal that market price for a good is equal to marginal cost and average cost in both the circumstances i.e. in short-run as well as in long-run in equilibrium situation. Due to the equality in the price and the marginal cost, each firm is able to maximize their profit without making any adjustment to their output quantity. Furthermore, equality of price and average cost renders each firm in the industry to earn normal profits. In such circumstances, economic profit is zero with no economic losse s. Precisely stating, allocative efficiency is witnessed in a perfectly competitive market in the long run as the firms are determined to maximize their profits by producing quantity of output where marginal cost equals to the price and therefore leads to effective allocation of resources (AmosWEB LLC, 2013). Profit Maximizing Behaviour Result in Allocative Efficiency in the Long-Run Source: (Pearson Education Limited, 2013) (B) Explain why free markets will under-produce goods with positive externalities (e.g. vaccinations against infectious diseases). Briefly suggest how government might intervene to correct this under-provision? Positive externalities are usually related with public commodities in an economy which can be defined as the situation where the goods are valued incorrectly, i.e. the goods are purchased either at under-valued or over-valued prices owing to the failure of the free-market to accurately determine to various factors when taking decisions regarding pricing. Public goods are generally identified by their distinctive features of non-rival and non-excludability. One of the primary reasons behind the under production of such goods can be related with the emergence of free-riders. Free-riders, in the economic context, can be identified as an individual party who enjoys the direct benefits from the purchase of a public good by other parties. Notably, the primary objective of the private firm is to earn substantial profits, but wherein a problem of free-riders persist,

Sulphide solubility in magma

Sulphide solubility in magma Abstract This essay aims to define the controls on sulphide solubility in magma, such as pressure, temperature and element activity. Chalcophile elements, elements of low abundance, form sulphide and arsenide minerals but are not stable at high temperatures of igneous crystallization. The relation of the processes of sulphide solubility against the relative outcomes for chalcophile elements will be looked into. Introduction Sulphur (or sulfur) is a natural substance; its elementary state is a crystalline solid of yellow colour. Sulphur is found in various forms, as mineral sulphides and sulphates, such as galena and cinnabar. Magmatic sulphide deposits with Nickel-Copper-Platinum-group elements are a result of segregation and concentration of liquid sulphide from mafic or ultramafic magma, and the screening of chalcophile elements into these deposits from the silicate magma. (A. J. Naldrett 2004) Due to the variation of sulphide deposits, it is convenient to relate the magmatic sulphide deposits to the bodies of mafic or ultramafic rock in terms of the composition of the magma associated with these rocks. It is then reasonable to investigate the geochemical and geophysical setting and the processes in which these deposits are formed. According to A. J. Naldrett, 2004, the key aspects in the creation of magmatic sulphide deposits are that the magma saturation in sulphide and segregation of the immiscible sulphide has to be concentrated locally with a sufficient amount of magma concentrating chalcophile elements to comprise ore of economic value. In conditions of normal mafic magma cooling and crystallization, no early segregation of liquid sulphides are noticed. This implies that the magma would have to be saturated in sulphide in the igneous body state. The assumption is that there is a process prior to the magmas extrusion from the ground, and final emplacement, where sulphide saturation is caused. The above assumption is reinforced due to the fact that most basaltic magmas, other than Mid Ocean Rig Basalts, have high contents of Platinum Group elements. The Controls The mantle has an estimated concentration of 300-1,000 parts per million (Sun 1982). This is believed to be the primary source of the sulphur carried in basaltic magmas. The solubility of sulphur is controlled by temperature, pressure, contents iron oxide and titanium oxide and their activity in the melt, oxygen and sulphur fugacity, the oxidation state of the melt and the mafic versus the felsic components in the melt. (Fincham Richardson 1954, Haughton et a. 1974, Shima Naldrett 1975, Buchanan Nolan 1979, Buchanan et al. 1983) These factors, or otherwise conditions, of sulphide solubility in the melt will be explored in order to record the effects of the controls of sulphur solubility against the deposits composition. Leaving the mantle, and entering the crust of the earth, the melts can either be intrusive or extrusive, yet the fundamental pressure temperature relation for sulphide solubility, from mantle to the crust in liquid state, remains the same. Pressure and temperature increase with depth; according to Marvrogenes and ONeil (1999), increased pressure presents a negative effect on a silicate melt, dissolving less sulphide. As pressure decreases and the melt reaches the surface, it ability to dissolve iron sulphide increases. Considering that the majority of melts leave the mantle unsaturated in sulphide, as they reach lower depths, while the pressure and temperature decrease, the sulphide saturation is not achieved; furthermore the temperature decrease can offset this relation, causing further decrease in sulphur solubility. (Buchanan and Nolan 1979) Exiting the mantle, sulphide segregation will occur after the silicates initiate crystallization. Therefore, the sulphides will be assorted with the silicate grain. The simultaneous crystallization, as a function of temperature and pressure conditions along with the composition of the liquid sulphide would produce a sulphide rich deposit (for nickel and copper dominant magmatic deposits against platinum group element magmatic deposits) only if an external factor could intervene. This factor, or condition, would reinforce the sulphide segregation, without further enhancing silicate crystallization. At isothermal conditions of 1200oC, Buchanan 1988, sulphur content in the silicate melt decreases with the increase of oxygen fugacity (fO2) at constant sulphur fugacity (fSÂ ­2). Furthermore, the study displays a correlation between sulphur (wt % S2) content and iron oxide (FeO %), with a logarithmic increase on the field of saturation. On the other hand, the compositions of the melt in terms of the variation of content of iron oxides (FeO) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) diversify the ability of the melt to dissolve sulphide. The increase or decrease of oxide content in the melt is correlated to the sulphide solubility in the mixture. Oxidation is capable of causing the formation of an insoluble sulphide in the melt as a result of a reaction within the liquid between the soluble substances, usually without causing silicates crystallization. Oxygen and sulphur fugacity, and their relation to the pressure temperature setting, along with their ratio, are important factors for sulphide solubility. Induction of sulphur from an external source, and the felsification of a mafic magma are important causes of sulphide segregation. Silicate magma reacts with the sulphide liquid, resulting in the formation of the magmatic sulphide deposit. The ratio of reaction and the composition of both the sulphide liquid and the silicate magma , along with the controls on which the elements react are responsible for the final outcome. Buchanan 1988, determined the solubility of sulphur as a function of sulphur fugacity (fS2) in a basaltic melt containing 17 wt% iron monoxide (FeO) at a range of 1000 to 1400oC. Although the fugacity of oxygen and sulphur remain constant, the rate of increase of sulphur solubility drops from a factor of 10 times per 100oC at 1100oC, reduced to 3 times at 1400oC, implying that there is a threshold of maxima in sulphur saturation with temperature increase; the saturation is achieved in 1450oC. Hence, the actual sulphur content increases with temperature but decreases in rate, although with higher sulphur fugacity saturation is achieved at lower temperatures. The increase in sulphur content with increase temperature is reinforced by the experiments of Haughton et al 1974 and Shima and Naldrett 1975, for which, although the figures are of different nature for direct comparison, the fact remains that the sulphur content actually increases with temperature, making this a control of sulphu r solubility in the magmatic melt. The studies and experimental conditions on which pressure is investigated as a control in sulphur solubility are vast and vary on their conditions. The outcome of different studies such as Haung and Williams 1980 and Wendlandt 1982, indicate that under natural conditions increase in pressure has a negative effect on sulphur content. In contrast, the increase of FeO levels in the melt increase the sulphur solubility and this is confirmed by Mavrogenes and ONeil 1999, where the study of basaltic melts with 6-14 wt% FeO on pressures varying from 5-90 kilo bars and temperatures of 1400oC and 1800oC shows increase sulphur content at sulphide saturation with pressure. Sulphur can be found dissolved in an aqueous fluid. The sulphur content of the fluid is determined by its sulphur dioxide against hydrogen sulphide ratio (SO2:H2S). The ratio (Misra K.C. 1999) increases with increasing oxygen fugacity (fO2) of the initial magma before the start of second melting. Aqueous fluids originating from high oxygen fugacity magmas (I-type; high fO2) may contain large quantities of sulphur dioxide (SO2) as well as hydrogen sulphide (H2S). At lower temperatures on cooling hydrolysis of the SO2 (4SO2 + 4H2O = H2S + 3H2SO4) or its reaction with Fe2+ bearing minerals of the wallrocks (SO2 + 6FeO + H2O = H2S +3Fe2O3) increases the activity of H2S, causing precipitation of sulphide ore minerals from the metal-chloride complexes in the aqueous solution. On the other hand, aqueous fluids originating from low oxygen fugacity magmas (S-type; low fO2) may contain as much H2S as those derived from high oxygen fugacity, but because of lower oxygen fugacity they contain les s sulphur dioxide so the total amount of sulphur is smaller. Thus, aqueous fluids that separate from I-type magmas tend to produce Cu-Mo-Zn-Fe sulphide deposits, whereas fluids from S-type magmas generally precipitate smaller quantities of sulphides, mainly pyrrhotite, and correspondingly larger quantities of oxides, such as cassiterite (Burnham Ohmoto 1980). In either case, the precipitation of sulphides form metal-chloride complexes is accompanied by generation of HCl. The HCl and the H2SO4 produced by SO2 hydrolysis are consumed by acid alternation of aluminosilicate minerals in the wallrocks. (Misra K.C. 1999) Chalcophile Elements The partitioning of Chalcophile metal elements between sulphides and silicate metals are referred to as metals with low concentration, such as Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu) and Colbat (Co) are exchanged with elements of higher concentration, like Iron (Fe). The Nernst coefficient of partitioning, arranged for iron substitution is the ratio of the products of the % (per cent) weights of the elements substituted. References Buchanan D. L. (1988). Development in Economic Geology Platinum-Group Element Exploration. Elsevier. ISBN 0444429581 Naldrett A. J. (2004). Magmatic Sulfide Deposits : Geology, Geochemistry and Exploration. Springer. ISBN 3540223177 Mungall J. E. (2005). Exploration for Platinum-Group Elements Deposits. Mineral Association of Canada. ISBN 0921294352 Misra K. C. (1999). Understanding Mineral Deposites. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0045530092 Whitney J.A. (1989). Ore Deposition Associated with magmas. Society of Economic Geologists. ISBN 0961307439 Vaughan D. J. (1977) Mineral Chemistry of Metal Sulfides. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521214890

Inhumanity in Night Essay

Elie Wiesel’s Night is about what the Holocaust did, not just to the Jews, but also by extension, to humanity. People all over the world were devastated by this atrocious act, and there are still people today who have not overcome the effects. One example of the heinous acts of the Germans that stands out occurs at the end of the war, when Wiesel and the rest of the camp of Buna are being forced to transfer to Gleiwitz. This transfer is a long, arduous, and tiring journey for all who are involved. The weather is painfully cold, and snow fell heavily; the distance was greater than most people today will even dream of walking. The huge mass of people is often forced to run, and if one collapses, is injured, or simply can no longer bear the pain, they are shot or trampled without pity. An image that secures itself in Wiesel’s memory is that of the Rabbi Eliahou’s son leaving the Rabbi for dead. The father and son are running together when the father begins to grow t ired. As the Rabbi falls farther and farther behind his son, his son runs on, pretending not to see what is happening to his father. This spectacle causes Wiesel to think of what he would do if his father ever became as weak as the Rabbi did. He decides that he would never leave his father, even if staying with him would be the cause of his death. The German forces are so adept at breaking the spirits of the Jews that we can see the effects throughout Wiesel’s novel. Wiesel’s faith in God, above all other things, is strong at the onset of the novel, but grows weaker as it goes on. We see this when Wiesel’s father politely asks the gypsy where the lavoratories are. Not only does the gypsy not grace his father with a response, but he also delivers a blow to his head that sent him to the floor. Wiesel watches the entire exhibition, but does not even blink. He realizes that nothing, not even his faith in God, can save him from the physical punishment that would await him if he tried to counterattack the gypsy. If the gypsy’s attack had come just one day earlier, Wiesel probably would have struck back. However, the spiritual beating by the Germans had already begun. The incident that perhaps has the greatest effect on Wiesel is the hanging of the pipel. He is a young boy with an â€Å"innocent face† who is condemned to death because he is involved in a conspiracy that results in the destruction of a German building. When the time for the hanging approaches, the Lagerkapo refuses to kick out the chair, so SS officers are  assigned to do it. Unlike the necks of those he is hanged with, the young boy’s neck does not break when he falls, and he suffers for over half an hour. The suffering of the child is comparable to the suffering endured by many Jews during the Holocaust. He fought for his life, at times even seeing a bit of hope, only to be destroyed in the end. The Jews struggled for everything they had, from their possessions at the beginning, to their lives at the end. The result, however, was the same. At the end of the war, Wiesel looks into the mirror, and says he saw a â€Å"corpse.† This â€Å"corpse† is Wiesel’s body, but it has been robbed of its soul. This is similar to the loss suffered by people all over the world. Those not directly killed during the Holocaust were still alive physically, but their mind and spirit had long been dead. By the end of the w ar, Wiesel loses all of his faith in God and his fellow man, and this is the most difficult obstacle to overcome when he is released.