Sunday, November 17, 2019
Principles of Economics Essay Example for Free
Principles of Economics Essay Suggest how an economist would approach the problem of alcohol abuse. Economics is about scarcity and choice. It is assumed that all human beings are rational thinkers hence would always choose to consume products that would give them maximum satisfaction or utility. Mankiw (2011, p. 6) argues that rational people ââ¬Ësystematically and purposefully do the best to achieve objectives given available opportunity.ââ¬â¢ Given a choice among alternatives and with scarce resources, one would evaluate the benefits and costs of consuming an extra unit of a product and would only take a decision only if marginal benefit is greater than marginal cost. In this case, to solve the alcohol abuse problem, one has to consider marginal benefits and marginal costs derived from consuming an extra unit of alcohol and since excessive drinking has more costs than benefits, one would refrain from alcohol. The opportunity cost foregone by choosing to abuse alcohol is too high compared to satisfaction derived; money spent on alcohol can do many other things such as feeding the family, education for children, and investments among others. Besides, the person may have health problems thus adding to the costs. By considering all these factors, a rational person would refrain from alcohol abuse. Heyne (2000) acknowledges the role played by incentives in directing behavior. For him, rational people usually respond to incentives or are induced to act by them. Assuming alcohol abusers are rational, imposing taxes on alcohol substances would eliminate the problem. This would follow the law of demand which states that other things being constant, if the price of a good increase, the quantity demanded of the good decreases. Taxes have the effect of increasing alcohol prices and this would automatically mean that the abusers would desist from alcohol consumption or cut their consumption. Analyze how prescription drugs affect the demand and supply of other productsà and services in this country. Prescription drugs are drugs prescribed by a medical officer to a patient and are regulated by legislation unlike the over-the-counter drugs which can be old to anyone. If a patient is under prescription drugs, he/she buys the drugs despite the price of the drugs. An increase or decrease in price of the drugs therefore has little or no effect on the quantity demanded by an individual (McCarthy Schafermeyer, 2007). The drugs are provided by the National Health Insurance and have no close substitutes. The increase in price of the drugs thus affects all the sectors of healthcare industry such as patients and private insurers. Due to increased costs, the private insurers are forced to increase the cost of their services in case they have to offer such drugs and this may lead to low demand for their services. The patients are also required to get medical prescriptions before obtaining the drugs thus the demand for the medicine may be low compared to over-the-counter drugs. Use of prescription drugs also has an effect on demand for other healthcare services such as hospitalization. The prescription drugs also affect supply of generic products as manufacturers have patents to supply the new drugs for some years. Formulate a reason why elasticity of demand is an important consideration when analyzing the impact of a shift in supply and why the elasticity of supply is an important consideration when analyzing the impact of shift in demand. The price elasticity of demanded which is percentage change in quantity demanded over percentage change in price shows consumers responsiveness to price changes. (McKenzie Lee, 2006). It is an important consideration when analyzing the impact of a shift in supply and in determining if the firm should raise or lower its price. The supply curve is upward sloping showing a positive relationship between price and quantity supplied other things held constant. However, in long-run, those factors do change causing a shift in supply curve. Such factors include; input prices, technology, expectations and number of sellers in the market. For example, an increase in input prices such as labor would lead to a decrease in supply thus shifting the supply curve to the left. This results in low output which isà not able to satisfy the market demand thus pushing the prices up. An increase in prices according to the law of demand would lead to a fall in demand leading to excess supply and consequently fall in prices until an equilibrium is reached (Mankiw, 2011). However, the fall in quantity demanded will be determined by elasticity of demand. If the product has inelastic demand, an increase in price as a result of shift in supply would have no effect on demand thus suppliers would get more revenue. If demand for the product is elastic, an increase in price would lead to a massive reduction in quantity demanded and consequently lowering of prices and revenue. Shifts in demand curve are caused by other factors that affect demand except price. These include; income, price of related goods, tastes and preferences, expectations and number of buyers (Mankiw, 2011). Elasticity of supply shows the producersââ¬â¢ responsiveness to changes in price and is important in evaluating the impact of a shift in demand. For example, an increase in income would lead to an increase in demand depending on the type of the good thereby shifting the demand curve to the right. If it is an inferior good, an increase in income would lead to decrease in demand shifting the curve to the left. In this case, the good is normal. A shift in demand curve to the right would lead to an increase in price and quantity supplied. However, this is determined by elasticity of supply. If the good is elastic, a small increase in price would lead to a large increase in quantity supplied. This would in effect lead to excess supply forcing the prices to fall thus inducing an increase in quantity demanded but if the supply is inelastic, an increase in price would lead to a small increase in quantity supplied not enough to offset costs hence fall in revenue. Provide two examples of increasing-cost industries in your state and propose why they would have a positively sloped supply curve. According to McEachern (2010) increasing-cost industries occur as a result of entry of new firms due to increase in demand. An increase in demand results in high production costs and the average long-run average cost curve of each firm to shift upwards. The market is competitive and thus new firms enter the industry to share in the abnormal profits made by existing firms. However, as new firms enter, they compete thereby pushing up the production costs leading to lowà profit or some firms are forced out of the market. This depends on how far the market supply curve shifts to interact with demand curve. The industry would have a positively sloped supply curve as an indication of the increasing costs. Examples of increasing-cost industries are housing construction and mobile companies which bid up prices for labor and raw materials. Suggest how, under certain conditions, a perfectly competitive market is economically efficient. A perfectly competitive market cant innovate, because all products are homogeneous and cant take advantage of cooperation. But if you define efficiency in a particularly useless way and choose only one definition of economic efficiency as well then there are certain conditions under which a perfectly competitive market is economically efficient.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
cloning enigma :: essays research papers
Year 2004: A father goes to a hospital and enters the room of a genetic engineer. ââ¬Å" Sir I want to have a child.â⬠Doctor, ââ¬Å"What gender?â⬠ââ¬Å" A boy, blue eyes, blonde hair, fair skin , good height and intelligence equivalent to Einsteinââ¬â¢s.â⬠Doctor,â⬠Sorry sir, no Einstiens, no Aristotles, Government isnââ¬â¢t allowing any more. You know the student councils have been shouting their heads off, cause the Sommerfield Wave equation has been changed so often.â⬠Brace yourselves fellow human beings, for the onslaught of technology in the ensuing years. Owing to the rapid progress being made in genetics, you and I might be declared a rare species in the years to come. ââ¬ËDesigner Babiesââ¬â¢ will be the order of the day. Alas! The first human clone being bred in American Laboratories will not grow into a human being like us mortals! But it possesses a replication of our Genetic Code. The cells will continue to multiply like in any of us but unlike us they would be on a laboratoryââ¬â¢s culture discs. The basic purpose behind this million dollar Genome Project is to create healthy cells free from any diseases and use them to cure ailing people. I personally feel that this entire project is a wonderful step towards eradicating lethal like AIDS and cancer. However, many people view this achievement in a negative manner by blaming the doctors for ââ¬Ëplaying Godââ¬â¢. They believe that creating an artificial human clone is a direct revolt against natureââ¬â¢s equilibrium. However, it must not be forgotten that God has assigned man the role of serving humanity in any way possible. And, I view this human clone as a promising solution to many problems. Another conservative view is; the technology available today is not advanced enough to ensure that the clone develops steadily into a disease free source of cells. The cloned sheep, Dolly developing symptoms of arthritis at a young age, has specially proved this. Nevertheless, one must be aware of the fact that it is a trial and error process which will gradually lead to more reliable
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Computers in the Lives of People Essay
In modern times, technology has greatly affected how people live. The advancement of technology has brought great improvement to all sectors like business, medicine, entertainment and a lot more. It is undeniable that it has increased productivity and efficiency in how people work. One of the vital products of technology is the computer. It is very evident how computers changed the way of life. Work becomes easier with the help of the computers. Data and information can be stored easily. Large numbers can be calculated and can be accounted immediately. Instant communication is possible through electronic mails. Research is easier and faster with the help of the computer. There is also an easy access for all business transactions. Computers play a significant role in the school system as well. They help students to learn more efficiently and help them do their work. Computers offer the Internet which help students research information for projects they may have. School computers also offer programs which can help anyone learn. Computers have proven extremely beneficial to students with certain speech, audio, and motor limitations. Students with special needs can use alternative input and output devices to interact with computers and do things that they normally could not accomplish independently. Further, computers also make writing and doing homework easier to complete. With spell check and other spelling tools, it makes it easier and faster to complete work. This is because you are not spending all your time going through your homework looking for spelling mistakes, because the computer automatically does it for you, making your life easier. These are just few of the reasons why computers are very important to us. On the other hand using computers has several disadvantages. The screens destroy eyes even with a low radiation screen. Many people complain for that issue, because then they have to pay for oculists and wear glasses. And students also skip studying and got a low grade. The research project aims to know the advantages and disadvantages of computers in Health and Studies.
Sunday, November 10, 2019
Long-Tõrm Plan for Black Amõrica
Thà µ à µconomic nationalism of Bookà µr T. Washington, which rà µlià µd on businà µss ownà µrship to providà µ thà µ mà µans for group advancà µmà µnt, rà µprà µsà µnts thà µ classic capitalistic approach to à µconomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt. Throughout thà µ twà µntià µth cà µntury, thà µrà µ havà µ bà µÃ µn a numbà µr of approachà µs suggà µstà µd for improving thà µ à µconomic viability of African-Amà µrican communitià µs in thà µ Unità µd Statà µs.Givà µn thà µ à µconomic discrimination and opprà µssion by institutions in thà µ largà µr socià µty, many social thà µorists and urban à µconomists havà µ arguà µd that African-Amà µricans should usà µ thà µir sà µgrà µgatà µd social circumstancà µs to build a sà µparatà µ and autonomous à µconomic basà µ within thà µir own communitià µs.Thà µ sharà µd à µxpà µrià µncà µ of social sà µgrà µgation, à µmploymà µnt discrimination, and minority status would providà µ th à µ rationalà µ for thà µ dà µvà µlopmà µnt of coopà µrativà µ à µntà µrprisà µs that would advancà µ thà µ à µconomic conditions of thà µ à µntirà µ black community.Businà µss ownà µrship is sà µÃ µn as thà µ à µconomic à µnginà µ for thà µ community dà µvà µlopmà µnt procà µss. Ãâ¢conomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt through thà µ promotion of à µntrà µprà µnà µurship à µxalts individualistic à µfforts and prà µdicts thà µ à µvà µntual ââ¬Å"tricklà µ downâ⬠of bà µnà µfits from thà µ capitalists to thà µ workà µrs.Washington assumà µd that sincà µ à µntrà µprà µnà µurship has workà µd succà µssfully for many othà µr Amà µricans by bringing à µconomic and social advancà µmà µnt, it should do thà µ samà µ for African-Amà µricans.Ãâ¢ntrà µprà µnà µurship is assumà µd to havà µ immà µnsà µ powà µrs. Ãâ¢conomist Sol Ahiarah, a lattà µr-day proponà µnt of Washington's à µconomic philosophy, arguà µd that â⠬Å"by owning [businà µssà µs] and . . . controlling thà µir mà µans of livà µlihood blacks can solvà µ most of thà µir own problà µms and à µvà µn bà µ immunizà µd against racismâ⬠[Ahiarah 1993, 18].Businà µss ownà µrship was promotà µd as thà µ mà µans for community rà µvitalization. For mà µ as for young black man thà µ plan has bà µÃ µn an attractivà µ onà µ bà µcausà µ it corrà µsponds with thà µ prà µvailing capitalistic à µthos in Amà µrican socià µty. Many policymakà µrs havà µ bà µÃ µn so pà µrsistà µnt in thà µir rà µliancà µ on à µntrà µprà µnà µurship that altà µrnativà µ approachà µs wà µrà µ rarà µly considà µrà µd.Washington's à µconomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt proposals wà µrà µ a rà µsponsà µ to thà µ là µgal sà µgrà µgation of that à µra. Hà µ promotà µd appà µasà µmà µnt and political accommodation-thà µsà µ wà µrà µ thà µ hallmarks of his idà µological position. His ovà µrall objà µcti và µ was sà µlf-sufficià µncy, and hà µ was considà µrà µd thà µ là µading advocatà µ of à µconomic nationalism in thà µ black community [Butlà µr 1985, 65].To Washington, thà µ dà µvà µlopmà µnt of black à µntrà µprà µnà µurship within thà µ confinà µs of thà µ sà µgrà µgatà µd black community was thà µ most viablà µ routà µ to à µconomic stability and à µquality. Thà µ à µconomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt of thà µ black community would bà µ proof to thà µ dominant whità µ socià µty that African-Amà µricans wà µrà µ à µqual [Blair 1977, 10].Thà µ Washington approach and thà µ Mondragon sharà µ only two common charactà µristics. First, both wà µrà µ dà µsignà µd to sà µrvà µ an à µthnically opprà µssà µd pà µoplà µ. Sà µcond, à µach is toutà µd as a mà µans for achià µving group advancà µmà µnt. Unlikà µ thà µ Mondragon, which makà µs social dà µvà µlopmà µnt à µssà µntial to à µconomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt, Washing ton's à µntrà µprà µnà µurial focus was only implicitly tià µd to broadà µr social concà µrns such as group advancà µmà µnt.To Washington, thà µ primary issuà µ was individual à µconomic advancà µmà µnt. Ãâ¢quality, and indà µÃ µd indà µpà µndà µncà µ, would bà µ achià µvà µd as individual blacks provà µd thà µir ability to survivà µ in thà µ Amà µrican capitalist à µnvironmà µnt. Washington bà µlià µvà µd that blacks would achià µvà µ thà µir civil rights only aftà µr thà µy had à µstablishà µd an à µconomic basà µ [Thornburgh 1969, 11].Washington's à µntrà µprà µnà µurial focus bà µnà µfittà µd a small group of individuals. Thà µ propà µnsity to bà µ à µlitist contrasts with thà µ intà µntions of thà µ foundà µrs of Mondragon, who wà µrà µ distrustful of à µlità µ control. Unfortunatà µly, Washington's à µlitist approach rà µducà µs thà µ positivà µ impact that businà µss dà µvà µlopmà µnt can havà µ on thà µ widà µr community and thà µ likà µlihood of group advancà µmà µnt [Wallacà µ 1993, 46].In his analysis of Washington's à µconomic program, social thà µorist Harold Crusà µ concludà µd that this approach ââ¬Å"would not havà µ gonà µ và µry far in allà µviating thà µ à µconomic disabilitià µs of thà µ black rank and filà µ in thà µ industrial, agricultural, and sà µrvicà µ sà µctorsâ⬠[Crusà µ 1987, 92].As an à µconomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt stratà µgy for thà µ black community, à µntrà µprà µnà µurship is a simplistic approach. It focusà µd solà µly on à µconomic issuà µs, whilà µ thà µ othà µr conditions à µndurà µd by blacks wà µrà µ to bà µ gradually attà µndà µd to through thà µ procà µss of tricklà µ down.Many othà µr à µthnic groups in thà µ Unità µd Statà µs wà µrà µ ablà µ to bà µcomà µ sà µlf-sufficià µnt bà µcausà µ thà µy could conduct businà µss within and outsidà µ thà µir immà µdiatà µ nà µigh borhoods and communitià µs.Howà µvà µr, thà µ opportunity for à µxpansion is not availablà µ to black businà µssà µs. Là µgally sanctionà µd discrimination forcà µd black à µntrà µprà µnà µurs to takà µ an ââ¬Å"à µconomic dà µtour,â⬠around thà µ possibility of conducting businà µss bà µyond thà µir own communitià µs. This dà µtour sà µriously limità µd thà µ potà µntial dà µvà µlopmà µnt of black businà µssà µs and à µntrà µprà µnà µurship [Butlà µr 1985].In thà µ Crisis magazinà µ, W.C. Matnà µy madà µ this important obsà µrvation: Into this [frà µÃ µ à µntà µrprisà µ systà µm], wà µ find thà µ Nà µgro first introducà µd as a slavà µ and dà µmà µd all rights.Today hà µ is a slavà µ of thà µ industrial and commà µrcial ordà µr by virtuà µ of thà µ industrial and commà µrcial rà µstrictions and dà µnials imposà µd upon him. Hà µ livà µs in a compà µtitivà µ agà µ but must not compà µtà µ in a compà µti tivà µ markà µt [1930, 11].Thà µ problà µms of thà µ black community arà µ not mà µrà µly à µconomic as thà µ à µntrà µprà µnà µurial policy prà µsupposà µs. Thà µsà µ dilà µmmas rà µquirà µ comprà µhà µnsivà µ solutions.Tabb concludà µd that CDCs would not attain thà µ collà µctivà µ goal of community rà µvival bà µcausà µ thà µ stratà µgy callà µd for thà µ support of black à µntrà µprà µnà µurs who opà µratà µd for pà µrsonal profits.Thà µ failurà µ of many CDCs to fostà µr à µconomic advancà µmà µnt for urban blacks again dà µmonstratà µd thà µ inhà µrà µnt wà µaknà µss in black capitalistic và µnturà µs as và µhiclà µs of community dà µvà µlopmà µnt.Marcus Garvà µy's Univà µrsal Nà µgro Improvà µmà µnt Association (UNIA) producà µd an altà µrnativà µ coopà µrativà µ modà µl for black community dà µvà µlopmà µnt that has also bà µÃ µn utilizà µd by othà µr groups including thà µ Nation of Islam and many black rà µligious dà µnominations. It sharà µs many charactà µristics with thà µ Mondragon.Although nà µvà µr fully rà µalizà µd, Garvà µy's stratà µgy à µnvisionà µd thà µ collà µctivà µ à µconomic advancà µmà µnt of African pà µoplà µs throughout thà µ world [A. Garvà µy 1967, 127].
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Gavin Case Study
Gavin Case Study Big Five Personality Traits Research in personality has indentified five personality dimensions. The first one is extraversion. This is the ability to have a wide social presence. People with this trait are sociable, assertive and talkative. The second trait is agreeableness. This refers to pro-social behaviour. A person with this trait is kind, affectionate and has a high sense of integrity. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gavin Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thirdly, there is conscientiousness. Persons with this trait are quite thoughtful when making decisions. The fourth trait is openness. A person with this trait is quite adventurous and loves taking risks. Lastly, we have neuroticism. Persons with this trait experience bouts of emotional instability. Gavin McMillan does not have all these traits. Practically, it is impossible to have all of them at the same time. However, he largely demonstrates ne uroticism. Despite the fact that he makes losses, he continues to attach himself with his goal emotionally. He lacks conscientiousness because his decision-making is a little off. However, he is open to suggestions. The latter is the most important because it allows him to succeed as an entrepreneur. It also complements other traits or lack of them. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation derives from external pressure. This pressure comes off as coercion or a promise. On the other hand, intrinsic motivation derives from ownership and enjoyment of a task. People with this motivation do not need promises or coercions to perform their tasks. From the case, I think Gavin is intrinsically motivated. He tries and fails many times but continues to push for ownership of a Flair Bartending Franchise. Owning a franchise is also his initiative. Goal Setting Gavin wants to own a yacht with a helicopter on it. This may seem a farfetched goal but Gavin has the ability to achieve it. From Vroomââ¬â¢s Expectancy Theory, operant conditioning is the factor at play to motivate a person. This means that setting a goal and working towards it motivates a person. The reward he will get upon accomplishment of the goal motivates Gavin. In this case, it is a yacht. Secondly, goal setting acts as a point of reference. Gavin will keep on referring to what he wants to achieve. Perhaps he will design a format with stages to follow in achieving this. Every stage acts as a motivating factor to go to the next one. Recommendations on Goal Setting From the case above, it is explicit that Gavin has a huge problem when it comes to setting realizable goals. Initially, he would make losses and continue investing in a project that was clearly failing. He would pursue too many projects at the same time. This was the Achilles Heel in his ambition. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF L earn More Therefore, it would be more reasonable if Gavin hires a Project Manager. This person will look into the various projects at hand and carry out an analysis of the most viable ones. This will drastically reduce the costs associated with botched projects. It will also save time. Gavinââ¬â¢s goals are also long-term in nature. He leaves no space for short-term goals, which motivate a person. For example, he does not state what he wants to do before owning a franchise. Additionally he does not set a short-term goal, which will lead him to own a yacht. Therefore, he should embrace short-term goals as motivating factor to achieve the long-term ones.
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
Ethereal
Ethereal Ethereal Ethereal By Maeve Maddox A letter to the editor written by an environmentalist contains this use of the adjective ethereal: Contaminated air and water and ethereal space apparently are of no concern [to capitalists]. Here ethereal seems to refer to the physical area above the earth, what I might call ââ¬Å"the atmosphere.â⬠Referring to ââ¬Å"ethereal spaceâ⬠in this context is not, strictly speaking, incorrect. The ââ¬Å"ethereal realmâ⬠is the area above the clouds, but the adjective is closely associated with the supernatural. In general usage, it usually refers to heaven or to creatures or things that are otherworldly: Several belief systems include ethereal beings such as ghosts,à mythologicalà entities,à nature spirits,à angels,à thought-forms, [and] jinns. Note: Chemists use ethereal with the meaning, ââ¬Å"characteristic of, or resembling diethyl ether.â⬠In general usage, however, ethereal is rarely used in a literal sense to describe things in the physical universe. As an adjective to describe people or objects, ethereal means, ââ¬Å"spiritual, non-physical, or abstract in nature; supernatural; incorporeal; nebulous.â⬠It also means, ââ¬Å"of a lightness, delicacy, or refinement that does not appear to belong to this world; otherworldly.â⬠Here are some examples these uses of ethereal: Fog surrounds a frozen volcano in this ethereal photograph. The ethereal beauty and benefits of snow Flowing organza gives this A-line wedding dress anà ethereal look. Grams brother used to tease her when she complained. Oh youre so frail, so fragile, so ethereal, hed say. Audrey [Hepburn] was meek, gentle and ethereal, understated both in her life and in her work.à Here are some synonyms for ethereal in its various senses: heavenly celestial unearthly delicate exquisite dainty graceful fragile airy Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing LightWork of Art TitlesNominalized Verbs
Sunday, November 3, 2019
Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 35
Essay Example Comprehensive job descriptions provide the main characteristics of the given position and clarify what expectations the employee should have again his job. Role perception is an association aiding both the manager and the employee in presenting and advertising the job position. For example, when hiring an IT specialist managers need to understand the key tasks and what skills are required by the applicant to accomplish the job in the most effective way. The role perception of the best candidate for the IT department requires having technical background. Even if the company provides initial training, the candidate must ensure that his role perception of IT specialist matches this of the Human Resources. IT specialist should be familiar with server administration, network programs and database administration. Also he has to have knowledge in operational software, data analysis and implementation of certain, internal company programs. Thus, making a job description easily understandable and keeping adequate feedback for a position is of crucial importance for ensuring the candidateââ¬â¢s understanding of what role he plays within the company. The best way to utilize the stereotyping ideas in enhancing the organizational behaviour is to employ the idea of positive organizational behaviour. This has direct implications for the success of a business. The key outcome of positive organizational behaviour is that it engages the employees to have a better understanding of the relationship between work and their personal happiness. In broader sense the stereotyping idea of enhancing the organizational behaviour makes the company flourish. Positivity at the work place helps to accomplish oneââ¬â¢s purpose of life. Undoubtedly, working conditions inspire employees to engage more actively in the working processes. Imagine a customer service representative, who takes responsibility to deal with
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