Sulphide solubility in magma

Sulphide solubility in magma Abstract This essay aims to define the controls on sulphide solubility in magma, such as pressure, temperature and element activity. Chalcophile elements, elements of low abundance, form sulphide and arsenide minerals but are not stable at high temperatures of igneous crystallization. The relation of the processes of sulphide solubility against the relative outcomes for chalcophile elements will be looked into. Introduction Sulphur (or sulfur) is a natural substance; its elementary state is a crystalline solid of yellow colour. Sulphur is found in various forms, as mineral sulphides and sulphates, such as galena and cinnabar. Magmatic sulphide deposits with Nickel-Copper-Platinum-group elements are a result of segregation and concentration of liquid sulphide from mafic or ultramafic magma, and the screening of chalcophile elements into these deposits from the silicate magma. (A. J. Naldrett 2004) Due to the variation of sulphide deposits, it is convenient to relate the magmatic sulphide deposits to the bodies of mafic or ultramafic rock in terms of the composition of the magma associated with these rocks. It is then reasonable to investigate the geochemical and geophysical setting and the processes in which these deposits are formed. According to A. J. Naldrett, 2004, the key aspects in the creation of magmatic sulphide deposits are that the magma saturation in sulphide and segregation of the immiscible sulphide has to be concentrated locally with a sufficient amount of magma concentrating chalcophile elements to comprise ore of economic value. In conditions of normal mafic magma cooling and crystallization, no early segregation of liquid sulphides are noticed. This implies that the magma would have to be saturated in sulphide in the igneous body state. The assumption is that there is a process prior to the magmas extrusion from the ground, and final emplacement, where sulphide saturation is caused. The above assumption is reinforced due to the fact that most basaltic magmas, other than Mid Ocean Rig Basalts, have high contents of Platinum Group elements. The Controls The mantle has an estimated concentration of 300-1,000 parts per million (Sun 1982). This is believed to be the primary source of the sulphur carried in basaltic magmas. The solubility of sulphur is controlled by temperature, pressure, contents iron oxide and titanium oxide and their activity in the melt, oxygen and sulphur fugacity, the oxidation state of the melt and the mafic versus the felsic components in the melt. (Fincham Richardson 1954, Haughton et a. 1974, Shima Naldrett 1975, Buchanan Nolan 1979, Buchanan et al. 1983) These factors, or otherwise conditions, of sulphide solubility in the melt will be explored in order to record the effects of the controls of sulphur solubility against the deposits composition. Leaving the mantle, and entering the crust of the earth, the melts can either be intrusive or extrusive, yet the fundamental pressure temperature relation for sulphide solubility, from mantle to the crust in liquid state, remains the same. Pressure and temperature increase with depth; according to Marvrogenes and ONeil (1999), increased pressure presents a negative effect on a silicate melt, dissolving less sulphide. As pressure decreases and the melt reaches the surface, it ability to dissolve iron sulphide increases. Considering that the majority of melts leave the mantle unsaturated in sulphide, as they reach lower depths, while the pressure and temperature decrease, the sulphide saturation is not achieved; furthermore the temperature decrease can offset this relation, causing further decrease in sulphur solubility. (Buchanan and Nolan 1979) Exiting the mantle, sulphide segregation will occur after the silicates initiate crystallization. Therefore, the sulphides will be assorted with the silicate grain. The simultaneous crystallization, as a function of temperature and pressure conditions along with the composition of the liquid sulphide would produce a sulphide rich deposit (for nickel and copper dominant magmatic deposits against platinum group element magmatic deposits) only if an external factor could intervene. This factor, or condition, would reinforce the sulphide segregation, without further enhancing silicate crystallization. At isothermal conditions of 1200oC, Buchanan 1988, sulphur content in the silicate melt decreases with the increase of oxygen fugacity (fO2) at constant sulphur fugacity (fSÂ ­2). Furthermore, the study displays a correlation between sulphur (wt % S2) content and iron oxide (FeO %), with a logarithmic increase on the field of saturation. On the other hand, the compositions of the melt in terms of the variation of content of iron oxides (FeO) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) diversify the ability of the melt to dissolve sulphide. The increase or decrease of oxide content in the melt is correlated to the sulphide solubility in the mixture. Oxidation is capable of causing the formation of an insoluble sulphide in the melt as a result of a reaction within the liquid between the soluble substances, usually without causing silicates crystallization. Oxygen and sulphur fugacity, and their relation to the pressure temperature setting, along with their ratio, are important factors for sulphide solubility. Induction of sulphur from an external source, and the felsification of a mafic magma are important causes of sulphide segregation. Silicate magma reacts with the sulphide liquid, resulting in the formation of the magmatic sulphide deposit. The ratio of reaction and the composition of both the sulphide liquid and the silicate magma , along with the controls on which the elements react are responsible for the final outcome. Buchanan 1988, determined the solubility of sulphur as a function of sulphur fugacity (fS2) in a basaltic melt containing 17 wt% iron monoxide (FeO) at a range of 1000 to 1400oC. Although the fugacity of oxygen and sulphur remain constant, the rate of increase of sulphur solubility drops from a factor of 10 times per 100oC at 1100oC, reduced to 3 times at 1400oC, implying that there is a threshold of maxima in sulphur saturation with temperature increase; the saturation is achieved in 1450oC. Hence, the actual sulphur content increases with temperature but decreases in rate, although with higher sulphur fugacity saturation is achieved at lower temperatures. The increase in sulphur content with increase temperature is reinforced by the experiments of Haughton et al 1974 and Shima and Naldrett 1975, for which, although the figures are of different nature for direct comparison, the fact remains that the sulphur content actually increases with temperature, making this a control of sulphu r solubility in the magmatic melt. The studies and experimental conditions on which pressure is investigated as a control in sulphur solubility are vast and vary on their conditions. The outcome of different studies such as Haung and Williams 1980 and Wendlandt 1982, indicate that under natural conditions increase in pressure has a negative effect on sulphur content. In contrast, the increase of FeO levels in the melt increase the sulphur solubility and this is confirmed by Mavrogenes and ONeil 1999, where the study of basaltic melts with 6-14 wt% FeO on pressures varying from 5-90 kilo bars and temperatures of 1400oC and 1800oC shows increase sulphur content at sulphide saturation with pressure. Sulphur can be found dissolved in an aqueous fluid. The sulphur content of the fluid is determined by its sulphur dioxide against hydrogen sulphide ratio (SO2:H2S). The ratio (Misra K.C. 1999) increases with increasing oxygen fugacity (fO2) of the initial magma before the start of second melting. Aqueous fluids originating from high oxygen fugacity magmas (I-type; high fO2) may contain large quantities of sulphur dioxide (SO2) as well as hydrogen sulphide (H2S). At lower temperatures on cooling hydrolysis of the SO2 (4SO2 + 4H2O = H2S + 3H2SO4) or its reaction with Fe2+ bearing minerals of the wallrocks (SO2 + 6FeO + H2O = H2S +3Fe2O3) increases the activity of H2S, causing precipitation of sulphide ore minerals from the metal-chloride complexes in the aqueous solution. On the other hand, aqueous fluids originating from low oxygen fugacity magmas (S-type; low fO2) may contain as much H2S as those derived from high oxygen fugacity, but because of lower oxygen fugacity they contain les s sulphur dioxide so the total amount of sulphur is smaller. Thus, aqueous fluids that separate from I-type magmas tend to produce Cu-Mo-Zn-Fe sulphide deposits, whereas fluids from S-type magmas generally precipitate smaller quantities of sulphides, mainly pyrrhotite, and correspondingly larger quantities of oxides, such as cassiterite (Burnham Ohmoto 1980). In either case, the precipitation of sulphides form metal-chloride complexes is accompanied by generation of HCl. The HCl and the H2SO4 produced by SO2 hydrolysis are consumed by acid alternation of aluminosilicate minerals in the wallrocks. (Misra K.C. 1999) Chalcophile Elements The partitioning of Chalcophile metal elements between sulphides and silicate metals are referred to as metals with low concentration, such as Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu) and Colbat (Co) are exchanged with elements of higher concentration, like Iron (Fe). The Nernst coefficient of partitioning, arranged for iron substitution is the ratio of the products of the % (per cent) weights of the elements substituted. References Buchanan D. L. (1988). Development in Economic Geology Platinum-Group Element Exploration. Elsevier. ISBN 0444429581 Naldrett A. J. (2004). Magmatic Sulfide Deposits : Geology, Geochemistry and Exploration. Springer. ISBN 3540223177 Mungall J. E. (2005). Exploration for Platinum-Group Elements Deposits. Mineral Association of Canada. ISBN 0921294352 Misra K. C. (1999). Understanding Mineral Deposites. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0045530092 Whitney J.A. (1989). Ore Deposition Associated with magmas. Society of Economic Geologists. ISBN 0961307439 Vaughan D. J. (1977) Mineral Chemistry of Metal Sulfides. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521214890

Inhumanity in Night Essay

Elie Wiesel’s Night is about what the Holocaust did, not just to the Jews, but also by extension, to humanity. People all over the world were devastated by this atrocious act, and there are still people today who have not overcome the effects. One example of the heinous acts of the Germans that stands out occurs at the end of the war, when Wiesel and the rest of the camp of Buna are being forced to transfer to Gleiwitz. This transfer is a long, arduous, and tiring journey for all who are involved. The weather is painfully cold, and snow fell heavily; the distance was greater than most people today will even dream of walking. The huge mass of people is often forced to run, and if one collapses, is injured, or simply can no longer bear the pain, they are shot or trampled without pity. An image that secures itself in Wiesel’s memory is that of the Rabbi Eliahou’s son leaving the Rabbi for dead. The father and son are running together when the father begins to grow t ired. As the Rabbi falls farther and farther behind his son, his son runs on, pretending not to see what is happening to his father. This spectacle causes Wiesel to think of what he would do if his father ever became as weak as the Rabbi did. He decides that he would never leave his father, even if staying with him would be the cause of his death. The German forces are so adept at breaking the spirits of the Jews that we can see the effects throughout Wiesel’s novel. Wiesel’s faith in God, above all other things, is strong at the onset of the novel, but grows weaker as it goes on. We see this when Wiesel’s father politely asks the gypsy where the lavoratories are. Not only does the gypsy not grace his father with a response, but he also delivers a blow to his head that sent him to the floor. Wiesel watches the entire exhibition, but does not even blink. He realizes that nothing, not even his faith in God, can save him from the physical punishment that would await him if he tried to counterattack the gypsy. If the gypsy’s attack had come just one day earlier, Wiesel probably would have struck back. However, the spiritual beating by the Germans had already begun. The incident that perhaps has the greatest effect on Wiesel is the hanging of the pipel. He is a young boy with an â€Å"innocent face† who is condemned to death because he is involved in a conspiracy that results in the destruction of a German building. When the time for the hanging approaches, the Lagerkapo refuses to kick out the chair, so SS officers are  assigned to do it. Unlike the necks of those he is hanged with, the young boy’s neck does not break when he falls, and he suffers for over half an hour. The suffering of the child is comparable to the suffering endured by many Jews during the Holocaust. He fought for his life, at times even seeing a bit of hope, only to be destroyed in the end. The Jews struggled for everything they had, from their possessions at the beginning, to their lives at the end. The result, however, was the same. At the end of the war, Wiesel looks into the mirror, and says he saw a â€Å"corpse.† This â€Å"corpse† is Wiesel’s body, but it has been robbed of its soul. This is similar to the loss suffered by people all over the world. Those not directly killed during the Holocaust were still alive physically, but their mind and spirit had long been dead. By the end of the w ar, Wiesel loses all of his faith in God and his fellow man, and this is the most difficult obstacle to overcome when he is released.

4th Gospel Revision Notes

Ethics EITHER 3 (a) (i) Examine the key ideas of one critique of the link between religion and morality. (18) (ii) To what extent does this critique effectively undermine the link between religion and morality? (12) (Total for Question 3(a) = 30 marks) OR (b) (i) Analyse the important features of either Deontology or Natural Moral Law. (18) (ii) To what extent is the selected theory persuasive? (12) (Total for Question 3(b) = 30 marks) EITHER 4 (a) (i) Examine the important concepts relating to justice and law and punishment. (18) (ii) Consider critically the extent to which subjectivism poses problems for these concepts. 12) (Total for Question 4(a) = 30 marks) OR (b) (i) Analyse the contribution made by emotivism to debates about ethical language. (18) (ii) To what extent do the problems of ethical language remain unsolved? (12) (Total for Question 4(b) = 30 marks) New Testament EITHER 17 (a) (i) Examine the religious significance of either the teachings of Jesus concerning the Kin gdom of God (Luke’s Gospel) or the teaching of the Prologue (Fourth Gospel). (18) (ii) To what extent are these teachings important for an understanding of the gospel? (12) (Total for Question 17(a) = 30 marks)OR (b) (i) ‘The gospel was written to reveal the nature of Jesus as the Christ. ’ Examine this claim regarding the purpose of either Luke’s Gospel or the Fourth Gospel. (18) (ii) To what extent may other purposes for the gospel be equally important? (12) (Total for Question 17(b) = 30 marks) EITHER 18 (a) (i) With reference to either Luke’s Gospel or the Fourth Gospel, examine the reasons why the religious and political authorities put Jesus to death. (18) (ii) To what extent was Pilate responsible for the death of Jesus? (12) (Total for Question 18(a) = 30 marks) OR b) (i) Examine the significance of the religious symbolism contained within the crucifixion narrative of either Luke’s Gospel or the Fourth Gospel. (18) (ii) To what extent does the resurrection narrative add to an understanding of the rest of the gospel? (12) (Total for Question 18(b) = 30 marks) Ethics EITHER 3 (a) (i) Analyse the important features of either Deontology or Virtue Ethics. (18) (ii) Consider critically how effective the selected theory may be as a guideline for moral living. (12) (Total for Question 3(a) = 30 marks) OR (b) (i) Examine the key ideas of Natural Moral Law. 18) (ii) To what extent do critiques of the link between religion and morality undermine the value of Natural Moral Law? (12) (Total for Question 3(b) = 30 marks) EITHER 4 (a) (i) Examine key ideas associated with either justice or law and punishment. (18) (ii) Evaluate the view that objectivity and relativism pose problems for the concept selected in part (i). (12) (Total for Question 4(a) = 30 marks) OR (b) (i) Examine the problems which scholars have identified regarding the use and meaning of ethical language. (18) (ii) To what extent may these problems be solved? 12) (Total for Question 4(b) = 30 marks) New Testament EITHER 17 (a) (i) Either examine the important features of Luke’s presentation of Jesus’ teaching on the Kingdom of God or examine the key ideas of the Prologue (Fourth Gospel). (18) (ii) Evaluate the claim that this teaching/these ideas are crucial to the meaning of the gospel. (12) (Total for Question 17(a) = 30 marks) OR (b) (i) ‘A careful reading of the gospel reveals the purpose the author had for writing it. ’ Examine this claim with reference to either Luke’s Gospel or the Fourth Gospel. 18) (ii) Evaluate the view that knowing the purpose of the gospel does not add to our understanding of its meaning. (12) (Total for Question 17(b) = 30 marks) EITHER 18 (a) (i) ‘It was the religious officials who were responsible for Jesus’ death; the political authorities had nothing to do with it. ’ Examine this claim with reference to either Luke’s Gospel or the Fourth Gospel . (18) (ii) Evaluate the view that conflict was crucial to the ministry of Jesus. (12) (Total for Question 18(a) = 30 marks) OR (b) (i) Analyse three examples of religious symbolism in the crucifixion narrative of either Luke’s Gospel or the Fourth Gospel. 18) (ii) Evaluate the claim that the resurrection adds little to our understanding of the ministry of Jesus. (12) (Total for Question 18(b) = 30 marks) Ethics EITHER 3 (a) (i) Examine the important concepts of two critiques of the link between religion and morality (18) (ii) To what extent do these critiques succeed in weakening the link between religion and morality? (12) (Total for Question 3(a) = 30 marks) OR (b) (i) Analyse the key features of either Natural Moral Law or Virtue Ethics. (18) (ii) Evaluate the extent to which the selected theory can withstand criticism. (12) (Total for Question 3(b) = 30 marks)EITHER 4 (a) (i) Examine central ideas relating to justice and law and punishment. (18) (ii) To what extent does objectivity pose challenges for imposing punishment? (12) (Total for Question 4(a) = 30 marks) OR (b) (i) Analyse two problems raised by the use and meaning of ethical language. (18) (ii) Evaluate the view that these problems cannot be solved. (12) (Total for Question 4(b) = 30 marks) New Testament EITHER 17 (a) (i) Examine the key religious concepts of either the teachings of Jesus concerning the Kingdom of God (Luke’s Gospel) or the teaching of the Prologue (Fourth Gospel). 18) (ii) Evaluate the claim that these teachings lay down the primary themes of the gospel. (12) (Total for Question 17(a) = 30 marks) OR (b) (i) ‘The Gospel was written to make clear the identity of Jesus. ’ Examine this claim regarding the purpose of either Luke’s Gospel or the Fourth Gospel. (18) (ii) Evaluate the claim that there are also other important purposes for the gospel. (12) (Total for Question 17(b) = 30 marks) EITHER 18 (a) (i) With reference to either Luke’s Gos pel or the Fourth Gospel, examine the [pic][? ] |&'(*,. /@AGJKY[^_pqrs†¹ Zâ€Å" ¤?  ¬iaiaiaiaiaiOAa ·a ·?  ·aâ„ ¢? A†¦? {†¦A{A{A{†¦g†¦? u†°OJ[? ]QJ[? ]U[pic]^J[? ]mHnHu[pic]h? †ºOJ[? ]QJ[? ]contribution of both the religious and political authorities to the death of Jesus. (18) (ii) Consider critically the claim that it was Pilate who was responsible for the death of Jesus, not the Jewish leaders. (12) (Total for Question 18(a) = 30 marks) OR (b) (i) ‘The religious symbolism of the crucifixion narrative is vital to understanding the whole gospel. ’ Examine the meaning of this claim. (18) (ii) To what extent does the resurrection narrative enhance that understanding? (12) (Total for Question 18(b) = 30 marks)

Erectile Dysfunction Causes, Effects, And A Focus On...

Erectile Dysfunction: Causes, Effects, and a Focus on Treatments â€Å"Sex.† The media portrays sex to be easy, problem-less, and enjoyable all the time. Although this may be the case for some, for others, sex can be a serious struggle. Research shows that sexual dysfunction is common with 43% of women and 31% of men (DiMeo, 2006). In addition, around 10% of men aged 40 to 70 years old have complete erectile dysfunction, yet very few seek medical help (O’Leary, Barada, Costabile, 1996). Sexual dysfunction refers to a problem during any phase of the sexual response cycle that prevents the individual or couple from experiencing satisfaction from the sexual activity. The sexual response cycle has four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Sexual function is a very important part of one’s sexuality. Sex may be only one component of one’s life but it can affect many other facets of life, including confidence, identity, life satisfaction, and health. 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For example, pharmaceutical apply against erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients

Vital Pieces of Social Issues to Write an Essay on

Vital Pieces of Social Issues to Write an Essay on Failing to plan an exit strategy is merely a single approach to sabotage your company. Grants are an essential part of running a nonprofit, but they aren't a legitimate argument for picking nonprofit status on a for-profit company. It's inportant to observe that you're able to affect and change any sort of media too, and societal networks aren't an exception. Social networking is just a way to network and utilize word of mouth, online. As an issue of fact, social media plays a massive part in the general advertisement and set up of the company. They is really picking up speed, more and more are realizing the benefits of connecting and interacting with customers and potential customers. What Is So Fascinating About Social Issues to Write an Essay on? Unless, on the flip side, the introduction is an organic portion of the post, it fails of its objective. There are social problems that haunt the education system. Generally, social science research, a scientific research, applies similar research methodologies the very same as other varieties of research like marketing research that is inherent with both quantitative strategy and qualitative strategy, clinical research that's emphasized on specific areas li ke pharmaceutical, chemical, health care research, and so forth. After all, social media has come to be an entirely incorporated system comprising a two-way stream of implementation and feedback. Basically, you've got to look for keywords. Write short and precise is our principal motto when writing the majority of the content. Consistency is crucial to generate much better results. For instance, if you're writing an essay on How Global Warming can be decreased, it'll be an excellent idea you take a minute to define what global warming is about in your introductory paragraph. 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Failure to spot the appropriate emotions between people interacting in all elements of life can result in misunderstandings and conflict. In the background, there's a sample of Beethoven's Fur Elise, which sounds like it's being played by means of a novice pianist. The important thing is to make sure that when your kid is practicing, he's practicing writing letters CORRECTLY.

American Immigration Policy And Immigrants - 2232 Words

American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882 Years after years, flows of people immigrating to the United States have been raising up steadily, with the aim of pursuing the American dream, the dream of seeking prosperity and success in an equal society. Before 1882, the U.S had no immigration policy, in which the new comers could settle permanent inhabitants within America. After that period of time, the formidable numbers of arrivals had turned the attitudes of native government toward the effect of foreign dwellers on American life in which restriction policy on immigration has been unleashed. From 1882 to 1924, the immigration doors were slowly closed, beginning with the Chinese Exclusion Act on May 6, 1882 that prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. 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Healthcare Organizational Structure Dynamic and Complex

Question: Discuss about the Healthcare Organizational Structure Dynamic and Complex. Answer: Introduction: Healthcare organizations are dynamic and complex and require the managers to play an array of roles that includes leadership, coordination and supervision of employees. The complexity and scope of the healthcare organizations are great that requires the following of an organizational strategy. The organizational structure should be so designed so as to support the management for organizing and coordinating the resources and workforce for achieving the agreed strategy, vision and mission of the organization (Carayon et al., 2014). Sydney Community Hospital (SCH) has a bureaucratic (functional) organizational structure that is functional and traditional and the management team is intended to adopt an alternative organizational structure to accommodate the growing needs of the community. This assignment will discuss and compare the existing and alternative organizational structure that can be beneficial for SCH to provide the healthcare of highest quality to the community by improving t he collaboration and communication across the interdisciplinary teams for resource utilization. SCH presently follows the bureaucratic organizational structure that has a functional and traditional hierarchical structure. This structure essentially follows a pyramidal command structure for the organization of the various work activities. It has a high degree of formality in its operational strategies and is very organized. Since SCH is a 110-bed community hospital, it has several departments like specialty care, emergency care, surgical and acute medical for serving the local community (Harper, 2015). In the bureaucratic organizations like SCH have organizational charts in each of its departments and the decision making process involves an organized process under a strict control and command structure. This makes the hospital highly efficient, fair and orderly. Advantages of this type of organizations include the fact that the top-level managers are expected to exercise greater control over the strategy decisions of the organization and this makes the decision making the time s horter as lesser people are involved in the process. Best practices and standardization are the forte of bureaucratic organizations which ensures that the work design is effective and efficient to complete the healthcare activities within the set deadline (Pauget Wald, 2013). Since SCH has a number of departments, this type of organizational structure is ideal to exert control over their activities to provide healthcare services of the highest quality. Although this organizational structure has several benefits, it also has several limitations. Bureaucratic organizational structures are known to discourage innovation and creativity in the organization since the manager alone cannot generate the strategic idea range that can be possible in an interdisciplinary and large group. Even if the manager is highly ingenious, this type of structure cannot satisfy the frontline employees in such a rigid environment that increases the rate of employee turnover (Hesselink et al., 2013). Such ri gid controls also prevent the organization to change and adapt to the ever-changing conditions in the market and therefore, the present organizational structure is not beneficial for SCH considering the current healthcare environment and the changing health needs of the population of the community. For the new health services of SCH, matrix organizational structure will be the best-suited structure for facilitating the achievement of the new mission and strategic goals of the organization. Matrix organizational structure sets up the structure of the organization in the form of matrix or grids for the reporting relationships rather than following the conventional hierarchy system (Ashkenas et al., 2015). The complexity and size of the health organization determine the type of organizational structure and since SCH is believed to include a large population of the community with its retirement villages and nursing homes, this type of organizational structure will be the best fit. Matrix organizational structure combines the product and functional structures and sets the practice of managing the individual specialties with multiple reporting lines ((Eppinger Browning, 2012). This is also referred to as the cross business group type or the cross functional management that are very much unlike the business units that are traditionally vertical. One striking characteristic of this type of organization is that the individuals with specific working skills are pooled together for working on health specialties and are controlled by multiple managers. There are specific advantages of this type of organizational structure that starts from the fact that the resource coordination becomes optimum. This type of organizational structure allows for supervisors and managers to specifically focus on their specialty domains (Goetsch Davis, 2014). Functional supervisors are endowed with the responsibility of focusing on the activities of managing, training and hiring employees in their respective healthcare domains whereas the supervisors of the individual healthcare and hospital projects can concentrate on achieving their individual and project goals to meet the mission and vision of the hospital. A comparison between the key lines of responsibility and authority between the two organizational structures will reveal the efficiency of the new structure over the previous structure for achieving the overall organizational goals. The overall strategic goal of the new organization is the development of multidisciplinary and high performing teams within the specialist services for delivering patient-centered care that is responsive and effective for the changing health needs of the community (Scott Davis, 2015). The current structure offers tight and rigid constraints, policies and procedures that are reluctant to change or adapt. Compared to this, the matrix organizational structure does not place the employees in isolated functional areas and lets them to have constant contact with the multidisciplinary teams by participating in the project teams. This lets the employees develop wider skill sets that would have not possible in a bureaucratic organizational structure. Since bureau cratic structures make the job more specialized, it tends to repeat the job activities that tend to breed dissatisfaction among the employees (Hatch Cunliffe, 2013). This tends to make the employees feel passive and helpless and they tend to be indifferent to the goals of the company without the supervisors paying attention to their concerns. On the contrary, in the matrix organizational structures, the fluidity of communication is maintained as the employees are in constant contact with each other and also with the staff members from other departments and specialties. In the bureaucratic structure, the business lacks from lack of responsibility and accountability of the management which is a serious issue in healthcare (Wilensky, 2015). However, the matrix structure involves self management of the employees and increases their decision making abilities, which is a crucial aspect in healthcare. This will certainly benefit the SCH if the employees are more responsible towards their duty and the community. Although matrix organizational structure is the commonly used structure in healthcare, it has some advantages and disadvantages that can be related to the changing environment of healthcare and the strategic goal of the new organization to achieve for the patients, carers and the community. The prime advantage of this structure is that it helps in the efficient information exchange (Butler Wilson, 2015). Various specialties work in close proximity that promotes the opportunities of frequent communication to resolve complex healthcare issues. This fastens the process of decision making and increases the productivity of the employees. This is in alignment with the strategic goal of SCH as it aims to develop high performance multidisciplinary teams with specialty services for providing responsive and effective patient centered care. A democratic leadership style is followed in the matrix organizational structure that incorporates the opinions of the team members. This account for the i nflux of valuable information for patient care and this is much in alignment with the mission of SCH that is to provide the highest quality healthcare by partnering with the community, carers and patients. This is possible only when there is a well fledged communication between the employees with their managers. The disadvantage includes the fact that it can result in the formation of internal complexities (Rothaermel, 2015). Employees tend to receive command from two or more supervisor and this makes patient care activities critical, especially during the emergency conditions. This might go against the vision statement of SCH of providing world class healthcare facilitates for the community if the staff members get confused about carrying out the orders of their superiors. Moreover, this structure is quite expensive in its maintenance as it requires double management in certain conditions which involves excess salaries that strain the resources. This will affect the strategic goal of SCH as weaker multidisciplinary teams and specialist services will be formed out of strained resources. Considering both the advantages and the disadvantages of the structure, it can be stated that the benefits of the structure are favorable for the changing healthcare environment and can aid in the strategic goal of SCH to increase the number of specialty services with the provision of community clinics. Organizational structure in the hospitals helps in the efficient management of the various specialties that helps in providing better care services in alignment with their organizational mission. Since SCH has the mission and vision of providing healthcare services of world class standards, matrix organizational structure will help the organization to achieve its strategic goals and meet its mission and vision statements. Aggregation of the departments and individuals will allow for multidisciplinary and patient centered care through well communicated and managed healthcare professionals in partnership with the patients, carers and the community. References Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T., Kerr, S. (2015).The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure. John Wiley Sons. Butler, R., Wilson, D. C. (2015).Managing voluntary and non-profit organizations: Strategy and structure. Routledge. Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T. B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A. J., Hundt, A. S., Hoonakker, P., Holden, R., Gurses, A. P. (2014). Human factors systems approach to healthcare quality and patient safety.Applied ergonomics,45(1), 14-25. Eppinger, S. D., Browning, T. R. (2012).Design structure matrix methods and applications. MIT press. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Harper, C. (2015).Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Hatch, M. J., Cunliffe, A. L. (2013).Organization theory: modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Hesselink, G., Vernooij-Dassen, M., Pijnenborg, L., Barach, P., Gademan, P., Dudzik-Urbaniak, E., ... Schoonhoven, L. (2013). Organizational culture: an important context for addressing and improving hospital to community patient discharge.Medical care,51(1), 90-98. Pauget, B., Wald, A. (2013). Relational competence in complex temporary organizations: The case of a French hospital construction project network.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), 200-211. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Scott, W. R., Davis, G. F. (2015).Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge. Wilensky, H. L. (2015).Organizational intelligence: Knowledge and policy in government and industry(Vol. 19). Quid Pro Books.